MassMedia: You Know News, But Do You Know Fake News? (U3-P3) [VID] Fa14

And now we move to some coverage of broadcast journalism.  Here we'll focus on the idea of fake news.


You know news, but do you know fake news?

Watch the following clip from a local TV news cast.



When watching the above clip from a news broadcast what are your reasonable assumptions?  That the people interviewed are local people?  That this is a local story?  That the reporter did the interviews and wrote the story?  That this is real news?

Now, check out this next video which was written and produced by independent video company and funded Quest Diagnostics, a company that runs lab testing centers around the U.S. where allergy testing is done. 




What did you notice?  What if you started both video clips at about the same time?  Try it. Start the bottom clip, wait a few seconds and start the top clip.  Notice any difference?

The second clip you saw is an example of what is called a video news release (some background).

"Video news releases or VNRs (also referred to as fake TV news) are segments designed to be indistinguishable from independently-produced news reports that are distributed and promoted to television newsrooms. TV stations incorporate VNRs into their newscasts, rarely alerting viewers to the source of the footage. While government-funded VNRs have been most controversial, most VNRs are paid for by corporations; non-governmental organizations also put out VNRs" (SourceWatch).

Check out the following video.



KMSP-9 Helps Rev Up Convertible Sales


If you are interested, see another video comparing a local news cast with a VNR on YouTube or check out even more examples of VNRs and local news stories from PRWatch.

In the clip above, Pakman, mentions the FCC's sponsorship identification rules. Here is one rule/law.
"... the Communications Act of 1934, ... requires broadcasters to disclose to their listeners or viewers if matter has been aired in exchange for money, services or other valuable consideration. The announcement must be aired when the subject matter is broadcast. The Commission has adopted a rule, ... which sets forth the broadcasters' responsibilities to make this sponsorship identification" (FCC). 

How does this apply in the VNR situation?

So, corporations put out VNRs and they sometimes show up as news.

Now, to what extent are VNRs used in politics or as political propaganda?


Note: The above is a clip from a 2011 documentary titled Programming the Nation? directed by Jeff Warrick.

Is the use of VNRs as news appropriate?  Is it ethical?   Who is at fault?

Spotted any examples of VNRs airing as news in the past few months?




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MassMedia: Photojournalism (U3-P2) [VID] Fa14

Now let's turn our attention to those who provide the visuals for print news stories, photojournalists.

In the "Photojournalism Tutorial" video below pay close attention to (1) the definition of photojournalism, (2) the three key rules of journalism/photojournalism, (3) the rules of the field and (4) the tips for being a good photojournalist.

"Photojournalism Tutorial"

Besides composing a good photograph, photographers may also be involved in another type of composition. Photographers, especially photojournalist, may also compose captions for their photographs.  Let's learn how to write a news photo caption.

---

Source

They say that a picture is worth a thousand words.

If that is true for news photographs, then the caption (the verbal description) for the photograph, is like the lead to the thousand word story.

In a news article, the first few sentences of the story is the lead. The lead tells the reader the who, what, when, where, why and how of the story. Packed into the lead is quick overview of the whole news story.*


So, as Kobre' points out in his book, Photojournalism: The Professionals' Approach, a caption should tell the reader/viewer the who, what, when, where, why and how of the photograph.  The caption serves the same purpose as a lead in a written news story. [If your interest is specifically in photojournalism, I'd strongly recommend Kobre's book.]

The 5 W's and the H of a news story (or in this case, a news photograph):

• Who - who is the news event about, who is in the photo?
• What - what happened in the news event, what is happening in the photo?
• When - when did the news event happen, when was the photo taken?
• Where - where did the news event happen, where was the photo taken?
• Why (1) - why did the news event happen, what happened that lead to the photograph, what happened before?
• Why (2) - what is the significance of the news event, why is it important to us, what is going to happen after this event?
• How - how did the event happen?

So, a lead in a written news story should answer the who, what, when, where and how of the new event and sometimes it'll address the why and how.

Now, if a caption of a news photograph is like the lead of a news story, then what does a caption include.

The Associated Press recommends a caption should contain two concise sentences. The first sentence of the caption should include the who, what, when and where.  The second sentence should provide the background information on the how and the why, especially the significance of the news event.

Tip: Start the first sentence with the most important thing to your audience.  If who is important, then start with who.  For example, if a celebrity is the who, then you'll probably want to start your sentence with that person's name. If the where is important, then start your first sentence with where.  For example, if a disease is breaking out is a certain area, then the location or where, is probably more important.

Check out AP's Top Photos of the Week page for current examples of news photographs and their captions. Hover the mouse over the photos to see the captions.  Do the AP photographers and photo editors practice what the AP style guidelines recommend?

Can you write a caption for a new photo?  Find some photos you know something about, perhaps from the AP link above or this link, and see if you can write a caption for the photo.  Practice. practice, practice.

* We're especially talking about hard news stories here.

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MassMedia: Journalism: Building Blocks of a Print News Story (U3-P1) Fa14

Journalism is a broad field.  One type of journalism is print journalism and at the heart of the print journalism is the news story.  How are they written?  What are the basic building blocks of a news story?

Building Blocks of Print News Story (Hard News Story)

1. Headline (required)
1. What is the story about?  The topic?
2. Usually written by editor. 
3. Secondary headlines
2. Byline 
1. Authors name
3. Lead (required)
1. Entices reader  
2. Contain the 5 W’s & H    
3. AKA Summary Lead  
4. Backup for the Lead (required)
1. Lead should be supported with facts, quotes, etc. that substantiate the lead.
2. Lead Quote (optional, but helps)
1. The first quote that backs up the lead.  
2. Helps to use strongest quote available.
5. Impact (almost always, in some form)
1. How does this affect readers?
2. Sometimes earlier in story.
3. Also as a separate paragraph later.
6. Background (needed in most)
1. Additional background info may be needed. 
7. Elaboration (required, if space allows)
1. Multiple sources.  Other points of view.
8. Ending (required)
1. Further elaboration.
2. Statement or quote that summarizes, but does not repeat previous info.
3. Future action.

A story should also include attribution.

• Where did you get the information?
• Who told you the facts?
• "According to ..."

A story may also be accompanied by visuals.

• Photographs, Pull Quotes, etc.

See if you spot some of the building blocks in the following story.

You may also want to check a local paper or a national paper to see if you spot the basic building blocks in their news stories.




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MediaTech: Innovation Adoption & Development: Winston's Model (U3-P3) Fa14

In his book, Media Technology and Society: A History From the Telegraph to the Internet, Brian Winston describes his model of technological development and diffusion.

Let's focus on the development of an early communication technology, the telegraph.

Recall...

According to Winston's model a new technology starts (1) as an idea based on science and then (2) develops into early prototypes. As a technology develops it faces some social pressures ((3) does society see a need for it and (4) will powerful competitors or the government attempt to repress the technology?). The technology will then (5) diffuse through a society and may (6) spin-off related technologies.

The same process applies to the telegraph.  Did you see the process in the video clip above?

Let's highlight certain parts of this process.

See the Winston process in the Empire of the Air?


Source: Media Technology and Society: A History From the Telegraph to the Internet












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MediaTech: Innovation Adoption & Development: Rogers Development (U3-P2) Fa14

Note: Don't confuse this with the adoption decision process.

How does the innovation development process work?
How does an innovation come to exist, diffuse and influence society?

1. Recognizing a Problem or Need
2. Basic and Applied Research
3. Development
4. Commercialization
5. Diffusion and Adoption
6. Consequences

Did you see this process in the Empire of the Air?


1. Recognizing a Problem or Need

• Was there a need for radio?   Did it solve a problem?

2. Basic and Applied Research

• Basic research: gain basic scientific knowledge related to the problem/need
• Applied research: using scientific knowledge to specifically solve the problem.
• What did the early inventors of radio need to know?  What was there research?

3. Development

• How did radio develop?  What is the story?
• Role of skunk works in organizations?   (Oxford Dictionary definition) 
• Technology transfer: two-way exchange of tech
• Technology transfer: “two or more parties must participate in a series of communication exchanges as they seek to establish a mutual understanding about the meaning of the technology” (Rogers)
• Example
• VCR invented by Ampex, a U.S. company in late 50s
• Sold big VCRs to television stations
• Home use: They said “we’re not in that market”
• Sold rights to Sony
• And now you know the rest of the story

4. Commercialization

• Commercialization: “the production, manufacturing, packaging, marketing, and distribution of a product that embodies the innovation” (Rogers).
• Did they talk of the commercialization of radio in the clip?  In the reading?
• Technology cluster: “consists of one or more distinguishable elements of technology that are perceived as being interrelated closely.” (Rogers)
• e.g., computer and mouse
• e.g., mp3 player and __________
• What are the elements of the radio cluster that would also diffuse?

5. Diffusion and Adoption

• How did radio diffusion?  Did it diffusion widely?

6. Consequences

• What effects did radio have on society?
• More on consequences later.  We'll return to that important topic later.

Did you see this process in the Empire of the Air?


Besides radio, do you have some understanding of this process as it relates to some other media technology? What about some Apple devices?  Did the recent Jobs movie show any of this process?



Source: Diffusion of Innovations, 4th ed.



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MediaTech: Innovation Adoption & Development: Rogers Decision (U3-P1) Fa14

In his book, Rogers explains the process people go through when adopting an innovation, more specifically the decision process.

See below.

Source: Diffusion of Innovations, 4th ed.


We can boil the decision process down to just five steps.


Rogers’ model for the adoption decision process

What are the steps in the adoption decision process?

1. "Knowledge - learning about the existence and function of the innovation
2. Persuasion - becoming convinced of the value of the innovation
3. Decision - committing to the adoption of the innovation
4. Implementation - putting it to use
5. Confirmation - the ultimate acceptance (or rejection) of the innovation”

Think carefully about the most recent new tech you bought, I mean adopted.  Did you go through this process?  Review the process above and think about it.

What was the tech?  How did you learn about the new tech?  How were you persuaded to get it?  What about the rest of the process?

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DigPhotog: Finding Mentors: Finding Vivian Maier - Official Movie Trailer (U3-P4) [VID] Fa14

Speaking of street photography...

I mentioned before the importance of finding photography mentors.  I suggested Gordon Parks as one possible mentor.  Vivian Maier is another.

Who was Vivian Maier?



If you get a chance, I'd recommend watching "Finding Vivian Maier," especially if you are a fan of street photography.


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DigPhotog: Street/Public Photography (a YT playlist+) (U3-P3) Fa14

What type of photography do you like?  What type of photography do you like taking?  Landscape?  Portrait?  Street photography?  Close-up nature (flowers, etc.)? Other?

Here, let's focus (excuse the pun) on street photography.


Street Photography

Questions to keep in mind when watching the clips below.

• What is street photography?
• What are some do's and don'ts of street photography?
• What are the rights of photographers in public spaces according to the ACLU?
• In what ways are street photography and public photography relate?

In the video above Kai suggests that we should "google it" to get a definition of street photography. When you do so, you'll find this definition that works well. Street photography is "a non-formalised [unposed] genre of photography that features subjects in candid situations within public places such as streets, parks, beaches, malls, political conventions and other associated settings"(Fogherty).

Kai also mentions the famous street photographer, Henri Cartier-Bresson. If you are curious you can see some Cartier-Bresson's street photos here. Also, if you are curious, I recommend you check out "10 Things Henri Cartier-Bresson Can Teach You About Street Photography."






If you are interested, click on the word "Playlist" or the playlist symbol to see the other videos in my playlist on street photography and the related idea of taking photos in public.

So...
What is street photography?
What are some do's and don'ts of street photography?
What are the rights of photographers in public spaces according to the ACLU?
In what ways are street photography and public photography relate?  How do paparazzi fit into this discussion?  Did I say paparazzi? :)

One of the video clips in the above playlist makes reference to the ACLU and photography in public spaces. Read the following: "Know Your Rights: Photographers"


Other types of photography

Street photography is just one type of photography that you can focus on.  There are such types as black and white photography, portraits, still life, architectural, landscapes, close-up nature (flowers, etc.), children, sports & action, etc.  I'd suggest you "focus" on one type until you developed some skills in that area and then move on to other types, if you want.



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DigPhotog: Your Favorite Type of Photography (U3-P2) Sp14

There are many different types of photography.

Created using Wordle based on MediaCollege's types of photography.

What are your favorites?  What type of photography do you like taking or would want to take.  I'd encourage you to pick one type of photography and practice it until you do well in it and then move on to other types.

From MediaCollege's list above, the types of photography that are most relevant to beginning photographers are the following:

• Animal, Pet - "Pets and their relationships with humans. Note that the human content is often as important as the animal" (MediaCollege).
• Architecture - "The art of making property [like buildings] appear attractive. Often involves panoramic photography."
• Artistic - "Photography in which creative composition is the goal."
• Black & White - "Not simply photography without colour, black and white photography explores shapes, tones and textures. Shadows and highlights become much more important.
• Camera Phone - "'Convenience' photography using a mobile phone's built-in camera. While not the best quality, camera phones have opened a new world of spontaneous, on-the-spot photo opportunities."
• Commercial - "Product shots, advertising, etc."
• Documentary - "Journalism, Events, Historical, Political, etc."
• Event - "Concerts, parties, festivals, weddings, etc."
• Macro - "The art of photographing very small and/or close-up objects."
• Nature - "Landscapes, animals, plants, sea, etc."
• Night - "Any technique used to capture images at night. Often includes infrared photography."
• Panoramic - "Views of wide areas, up to complete 360° panoramas."
• People - "Candid, Family, Fashion, Glamour, Passports & Visas, Portrait, Pregnancy, School, Sports, Wedding"
• Scenic - "Landscape, Cityscape"
• Sports - "The specialized art of shooting people engaged in sports, games and adventure activities.
• Urban, Industrial or Street - Emphasizing urban environments.

What are your favorites?  What type of photography do you like taking or would want to take.  I'd encourage you to pick one type of photography and practice it until you do well in it and then move on to other types.



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DigPhotog: Your Photography Motivations & Style (U3-P1) Sp14

In his book, The BetterPhoto Guide to Digital Photography, Miotke suggests some questions a photog should ask "prior to heading out."

"WHAT’S YOUR MOTIVATION AND STYLE?
Both when you’re in the field and prior to heading out, it’s helpful to ask yourself a few questions about your goals and the way in which you approach things. For example:

1. What’s your motive for picture-taking? (Do you want to share experiences with friends and family, to simply have fun, to preserve memories, to fill scrapbooks, to tell a story, to get a job as a photographer, or to become rich and famous? What drives you to make photos?) 
2. Do you have any particular interests that lend themselves to inspired photography? (If you like to travel, your digital photography subjects will be very different from someone who is primarily interested in photographing children at home.) 
3. What’s your style? (Would you consider yourself organized and punctual? Are you a pack rat or someone who likes to clear things out? Do you like to shoot just one shot every so often, or do you like to “shoot first, and ask questions later”?) Figure out your own personal shooting style."

What are your answers to these questions?



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InterculturalCom: Cultural Values: Hofstede’s Dimensions of Value Orientations (U3-P4) Fa14

A high uncertainty avoidance person or culture would want to avoid any uncertainty.
If a person or generally a group of people have high uncertainty avoidance, would they be more future oriented or more past oriented?
Which would be more likely to take risks?  Hi-UA or low-UA?

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InterculturalCom: Cultural Values: Hall's High Context / Low Context (U3-P3) Fa14

How does this relate to a more direct and indirect communication?   Same idea?

Thunderbird School of Global Management Professor Robert Moran

Heard the phrase "reading between the lines"?  In what culture (high or low context) would you have to more often "read between the lines"?

Know of any individuals in your life you could label as high or low context communicators?

Would it be easier for a more homogeneous society to use high context communication?  Why?


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InterculturalCom: Cultural Values: Kluckhohn, Kluckhohn, Strodtbeck’s Value Orientation Scales (U3-P2) Fa14

What are Kluckhohn, Kluckhohn, Strodtbeck’s Value Orientation Scales?

Value Orientation Scales based on a studies done by anthropologists (Kluckhohn, Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck) during the 1950s in New Mexico.

Do these sound familiar?  Can you place a person you know or a cultural group into one of the three categories in the above five dimensions?  Some cultures are already placed above.  What about others?


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InterculturalCom: Cultural Values: Dominant American Values? (U3-P1) Fa14

Value: “a principle, standard, or quality considered worthwhile or desirable” (TheFreeDictionary.com).

Values are developed within a culture and are part of what one learns when one learns the culture of a group.


Are there dominant American cultural values? What are they?

Note where each value is placed on the map.  Any significance?


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GlobalMedia: Music, MTV & Global Media: American Culture in Country, Rock and Hip-Hop (U3-P3) Sp14

According to Crothers the first step in understanding the effects that American popular culture artifacts may have on other cultures is to identify the American cultural values in the artifacts.

What is the culture hidden in the popular music genres. Crothers covers three prominent American music genres: country, rock and hip-hop and also identifies the cultural values in the music.


Do you agree with Crothers' analysis?

Country Music

"Country has long prided itself on reflecting the lives of real people, particularly working-class, rural Americans. Country’s topics have chronicled the struggles of the individual as he or she tries to make it in a dead-end job, in a difficult marriage, or even through addiction to drugs or alcohol."


"Additionally, country regularly sings the virtues of hard work, traditional love, the glory of a loving family, and unabashed patriotism. The real America, country seems to say, is the America in which people struggle but take responsibility for their personal fates. Americans fight for their honor and dignity as ends all their own."


Rock Music

"At its heart were energy, excitement, and rebellion. Rock musicians tapped into their fans’ adolescent dreams".

"Rock, after all, expresses rebellion, energy, and individualism—as do teenagers. The causality seemed self-evident: children who were once compliant and sweet."


Hip-Hop Music

"If country celebrated traditional values and patriotism, and rock and roll energized the ambitions of a generation to change the world, hip-hop expressed the anger and frustration of a long-repressed community that had many grievances in what it described as a racist America."

"Hip-hop also reflected a raw form of street sexuality in which suggestive language was common. Other performers offered explicit accounts of their sexual desires and fantasies."




Do you agree with Crothers' analysis?  What would you change or add?  Support your argument.

So, if we can agree that "hidden" in the music are certain American cultural values, then so what?  Why is that important?  What's this have to do with the effects thing discussed earlier?



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GlobalMedia: Music, MTV & Global Media: Crothers' Key Concepts (U3-P2) Sp14

Crother's Key Concepts

In Crothers' 2012 book, Globalization and American Popular Culture, the author explores the "ways that American movies, music, and television programs shape and are shaped by contemporary globalization."


It is important for Americans to study this topic because "it is through these artifacts (and many others) that the rest of the world sees American values and lifestyles."  Or put more poetically: "[W]hat people are likely to see of America and what they are likely to know about America will be filtered through the lens of American popular culture."

So, it is through these artifacts that the world understands American culture.  However, this is not the only reason it is important to study this topic.

More importantly, what effect do these American cultural artifacts have on the cultures other countries?

In the book Crothers defines culture as "the root values, ideas, assumptions, behaviors, and attitudes that members of particular communities generally share in an unexamined, automatic way."

"Among the many things that cultures teach their members are normative standards of evaluation—of dress, food, behavior, attitudes, ideas, and many other things."


---

Early on in the book Crothers covers some additional key concepts: popular culture, globalization and fragmegration.

Crothers discusses popular culture, but does not give a succinct definition, so we go to another source for our definition here:

pop[ular] culture:  "commercial culture based on popular taste: fashion, music, and the iconography of pop culture offered the perfect medium for profit (Oxford Dictionary).

With this given definition, how would you describe American popular culture?
Make special note of music.


---

Similarly, for a succinct definition of globablization, we will need to head to an outside source.

globalization: "the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale" (Oxford Dictionary).

"A combination of economic, political, and cultural factors promote globalization by
(1) making it possible to create new and increased ties among people, social networks, and ideas that span traditional nation-state boundaries;
(2) linking people in new ways, making it possible for work or travel or shopping or other activities to take place twenty-four hours a day around the world;
(3) advancing the speed of communication and the expectation of instantaneous contact, in effect making global events and issues local ones as well; and
(4) shaping and reshaping individuals’ ideas and identities as they are exposed to this increasingly complex world" (Crothers, 2012).

---
Crothers draws on James Rosenau's work.

Rosenau coined the term fragmegration "to describe the integration-fragmentation dynamic that shapes globalization today. Fragmentation and integration occur at the same time, profoundly shaping the dynamics of globalization."

At the same time the process of globalization brings the world together and pushes it apart.
Really?  How?  Explain.

How does music fit in here?



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GlobalMedia: Music, MTV & Global Media: Mr. Worldwide (U3-P1) Sp14

Pitbull - International Love ft. Chris Brown


"I've been to countries and cities I can't pronounce
And the places on the globe I didn't know existed
In Romania, she pulled me to the side and told me
'Pit, you can have me and my sister'

In Lebanon, yeah, the women are bomb
And in Greece, you've guessed it, the women are sweet
Spinned [Been?] all around the world but I ain't gon' lie
There's nothing like Miami's heat"

Just how worldly is Mr. Worldwide?   Planet Pit World Tour
Just how international was International Love?  The song

How widespread is American music in other countries around the world?
Would you consider Pitbull's music American music?



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DigPhotog: Finding Mentors: Finding Vivian Maier - Official Movie Trailer (U3-P4) [VID] Sp14

Speaking of street photography...

I mentioned before the importance of finding photography mentors.  I suggested Gordon Parks as one possible mentor.  Vivian Maier is another.

Who was Vivian Maier?




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DigPhotog: Street/Public Photography (a YT playlist+) (U3-P3) Sp14

What type of photography do you like?  What type of photography do you like taking?  Landscape?  Portrait?  Street photography?  Close-up nature (flowers, etc.)? Other?

Here, let's focus (excuse the pun) on street photography.


Street Photography

Questions to keep in mind when watching the clips below.

• What is street photography?
• What are some do's and don'ts of street photography?
• What are the rights of photographers in public spaces according to the ACLU?
• In what ways are street photography and public photography relate?

In the video above Kai suggests that we should "google it" to get a definition of street photography. When you do so, you'll find this definition that works well. Street photography is "a non-formalised [unposed] genre of photography that features subjects in candid situations within public places such as streets, parks, beaches, malls, political conventions and other associated settings"(Fogherty).

Kai also mentions the famous street photographer, Henri Cartier-Bresson. If you are curious you can see some Cartier-Bresson's street photos here. Also, if you are curious, I recommend you check out "10 Things Henri Cartier-Bresson Can Teach You About Street Photography."






Click on the word "Playlist" or the playlist symbol to see the other videos in my playlist on street photography and the related idea of taking photos in public.

So...
What is street photography?
What are some do's and don'ts of street photography?
What are the rights of photographers in public spaces according to the ACLU?
In what ways are street photography and public photography relate?  How do paparazzi fit into this discussion?  Did I say paparazzi? :)

One of the video clips in the above playlist makes reference to the ACLU and photography in public spaces. Here is more info: "Know Your Rights: Photographers"


Other types of photography

Street photography is just one type of photography that you can focus on.  There are such types as black and white photography, portraits, still life, architectural, landscapes, close-up nature (flowers, etc.), children, sports & action, etc.  I'd suggest you "focus" on one type until you developed some skills in that area and then move on to other types, if you want.





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DigPhotog: Your Favorite Type of Photography (U3-P2) Sp14

There are many different types of photography.

Created using Wordle based on MediaCollege's types of photography.

What are your favorites?  What type of photography do you like taking or would want to take.  I'd encourage you to pick one type of photography and practice it until you do well in it and then move on to other types.

From MediaCollege's list above, the types of photography that are most relevant to beginning photographers are the following:

• Animal, Pet - "Pets and their relationships with humans. Note that the human content is often as important as the animal" (MediaCollege).
• Architecture - "The art of making property [like buildings] appear attractive. Often involves panoramic photography."
• Artistic - "Photography in which creative composition is the goal."
• Black & White - "Not simply photography without colour, black and white photography explores shapes, tones and textures. Shadows and highlights become much more important.
• Camera Phone - "'Convenience' photography using a mobile phone's built-in camera. While not the best quality, camera phones have opened a new world of spontaneous, on-the-spot photo opportunities."
• Commercial - "Product shots, advertising, etc."
• Documentary - "Journalism, Events, Historical, Political, etc."
• Event - "Concerts, parties, festivals, weddings, etc."
• Macro - "The art of photographing very small and/or close-up objects."
• Nature - "Landscapes, animals, plants, sea, etc."
• Night - "Any technique used to capture images at night. Often includes infrared photography."
• Panoramic - "Views of wide areas, up to complete 360° panoramas."
• People - "Candid, Family, Fashion, Glamour, Passports & Visas, Portrait, Pregnancy, School, Sports, Wedding"
• Scenic - "Landscape, Cityscape"
• Sports - "The specialized art of shooting people engaged in sports, games and adventure activities.
• Urban, Industrial or Street - Emphasizing urban environments.

What are your favorites?  What type of photography do you like taking or would want to take.  I'd encourage you to pick one type of photography and practice it until you do well in it and then move on to other types.



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Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
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