To answer research questions (RQs) researchers use research methods.
The four main research methods, at least in the social sciences, are experiments, surveys, ethnographies and textual analyses.
A researcher who does textual analysis is a researcher who studies a particular text or set of texts. A text is a communication artifact. A text could be written, visual, electronic, etc. Examples of a text are an email, a news broadcast, a film, a recorded conversation, an advertisement, a speech, an editorial cartoon or a song.
There are two main types of textual analysis. One is more quantitative and the other is more qualitative research.
Content analysis is "a form of textual analysis used to identify, enumerate, and analyze occurrences of specific messages and message characteristics embedded in relevant texts" (Frey, et al.)
An example of content analysis would be a researcher who studies post 9/11 editorial cartoons to determine how the enemy is portrayed in the cartoons by categorizing and counting up the occurrences of certain types of portrayals.
Rhetorical criticism, on the other hand, is more qualitative.
Rhetorical criticism: "research involving the description, analysis, interpretation, and evaluation of persuasive uses of communication" (Frey, et al)
Notice how rhetorical criticism focuses on persuasive texts, texts that potentially influence an audience.
There is a long history to rhetorical criticism from ancient times to modern times.
A person doing rhetorical criticism may study, for example, campaign speeches or advertisements to analyze how the text attempted to persuade and how effective it was in persuading.
Check out below the older Pepsi radio ad and then the more recent Coke TV ad. What are the ways in which the commercials attempt to persuade? What about their choice of words. Also, how effective are they?
Notice any difference in the way that audio and video ads attempt to persuade?
So, campaign speeches and commercials are persuasive texts and thus they are texts that could be analyzed using rhetorical criticism. However, what about songs? Are songs texts that could be rhetorically critiqued? Some songs? All songs?
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Showing posts with label Unit 5-Post 2. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Unit 5-Post 2. Show all posts
Monday, October 6, 2014
Saturday, September 27, 2014
MediaTech: TV/Radio Tech (Basics): How Early TV Worked (U5-P2) [VID] Fa14
How did TV work?* What is the process? What are the steps?
For next video start at about 40 seconds in.
If you are interested: "The Origins of Television" Discovery Channel clip
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InterculturalCom: Language & Culture: Beware of Idioms (U5-P2) Fa14
Beware of using idioms in intercultural settings.
An idiom is "a group of words whose meaning cannot be predicted from the meanings of the constituent words, as for example ( It was raining ) cats and dogs" or "kick the bucket or hang one's head." (Dictionary.com). See additional information, plus examples here.
“A traditional way of saying something. Often an idiom, such as 'under the weather,' does not seem to make sense if taken literally. Someone unfamiliar with English idioms would probably not understand that to be 'under the weather' is to be sick.” (American Heritage New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy)
Why would you want to be careful about using idioms in intercultural situations?
Any connections between idioms and emblems?
Example of a Chinese idiom: "Dui niu tan ching"
It literally means “Playing music for a cow.”
See image here.
If a wife told her husband that talking to him is like "dui niu tan ching," what is she really saying?
Does this translate into any American idioms?
If you are in an intercultural situation where idioms are used how can you figure out the meaning?
Share this post with others. See the Twitter, Facebook and other buttons below.
Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.
An idiom is "a group of words whose meaning cannot be predicted from the meanings of the constituent words, as for example ( It was raining ) cats and dogs" or "kick the bucket or hang one's head." (Dictionary.com). See additional information, plus examples here.
“A traditional way of saying something. Often an idiom, such as 'under the weather,' does not seem to make sense if taken literally. Someone unfamiliar with English idioms would probably not understand that to be 'under the weather' is to be sick.” (American Heritage New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy)
Why would you want to be careful about using idioms in intercultural situations?
Any connections between idioms and emblems?
Example of a Chinese idiom: "Dui niu tan ching"
It literally means “Playing music for a cow.”
See image here.
If a wife told her husband that talking to him is like "dui niu tan ching," what is she really saying?
Does this translate into any American idioms?
If you are in an intercultural situation where idioms are used how can you figure out the meaning?
Share this post with others. See the Twitter, Facebook and other buttons below.
Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.
Friday, September 26, 2014
DigPhotog: Basic Tech: Film vs. Digital and Steps to Taking a Digital Photograph [VID] (U5-P2) Fa14
So, advances in technology have brought us the digital camera. But, just because it is new tech, does that mean digital photography is better than film photography?
Compared to traditional film photography, what are the benefits of digital photography? In the video below, two benefits are offered.* To that list we can add: (3) digital photography allows for a smaller storage space and (4) digital photography allows for easy editing.
Note the key photography terms defined in the video? Watch for the missspelling in the clip?
So, it can be argued that digital is better. But, how to take a digital photograph? What is the process? What are the steps in the process?
Technical Steps to Taking a Photograph (camera set-up, etc.)
If you are looking for videos that explain the technical basics of digital photography, I'd recommend Brian Ratty's video series (Digital Photography - The Camera (Tutorial DVD)
). The videos are now a little dated, but still cover the basics well. *Note that the video is a little dated. He says, for example, that film photography is still the standard. That is no longer the case.
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Sunday, February 16, 2014
GlobalMedia: Intercultural Com: Effective Intercultural Com: Anxiety & Uncertainty (U5-P2) Sp14
Before moving on to anxiety (Brick #3) and uncertainty (Brick #4), I should point out that we've already covered Bricks 1 and 2.
What are they? What are thing we've already covered that lead to difficulty in intercultural situations?
They are difference in language (Brick #1) and differences in nonverbal communication (Brick #2).
Before moving to the next bricks, one last question: How do you tear down this part of the wall, how do you fix differences in language and nonverbal communication?
And now, anxiety and uncertainty.
How does uncertainty lead to anxiety? Got an example?
How does uncertainty and anxiety lead to ineffective intercultural communication?
How do you "tear down" these brick? Which one would you fix first and once you fixed it would you have the second problem?
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What are they? What are thing we've already covered that lead to difficulty in intercultural situations?
They are difference in language (Brick #1) and differences in nonverbal communication (Brick #2).
Before moving to the next bricks, one last question: How do you tear down this part of the wall, how do you fix differences in language and nonverbal communication?
And now, anxiety and uncertainty.
How does uncertainty lead to anxiety? Got an example?
How does uncertainty and anxiety lead to ineffective intercultural communication?
How do you "tear down" these brick? Which one would you fix first and once you fixed it would you have the second problem?
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See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.
Friday, February 14, 2014
DigPhotog: Basic Tech: Film vs. Digital and Steps to Taking a Digital Photograph [VID] (U5-P2) Sp14
So, advances in technology have brought us the digital camera. But, just because it is new tech, does that mean digital photography is better than film photography?
Compared to traditional film photography, what are the benefits of digital photography? In the video below, two benefits are offered. To that list we can add: (3) digital photography allows for a smaller storage space and (4) digital photography allows for easy editing.*
Note the key photography terms defined in the video? Watch for the missspelling in the clip?
So, it can be argued that digital is better. But, how to take a digital photograph? What is the process? What are the steps in the process?
Technical Steps to Taking a Photograph (camera set-up, etc.)
If you are looking for videos that explain the technical basics of digital photography, I'd recommend Brian Ratty's video series (Digital Photography - The Camera (Tutorial DVD)
). The videos are now a little dated, but still cover the basics well. Below are a few excerpts from the video series.*Note that the video is a little dated. He says, for example, that film photography is still the standard. That is no longer the case.
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Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.
Wednesday, September 18, 2013
DigPhotog: Basic Tech: Film vs. Digital and Steps to Taking a Digital Photograph [VID] (U5-P2)
So advances in technology have brought us the digital camera. But, just because it is new tech, does that mean digital photography is better than film photography?
Compared to traditional film photography, what are the benefits of digital photography? In the video below, two benefits are offered. To that list we can add: (3) digital photography allows for a smaller storage space and (4) digital photography allows for easy editing.*
Note the key photography terms defined in the video? Watch for the misspelling in the clip?
So, it can be argued that digital is better. But, how to take a digital photograph? What is the process? What are the steps in the process?
Technical Steps to Taking a Photograph (camera set-up, etc.)
If you are looking for videos that explain the technical basics of digital photography, I'd recommend Brian Ratty's video series (Digital Photography - The Camera (Tutorial DVD)
). The videos are now a little dated, but still cover the basics well. Below are a few excerpts from the video series.*Note that the video is a little dated. He says, for example, that film photography is still the standard. That is no longer the case.
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Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.
MediaTech: Internet/New Media: The Basics: Winston's Model (U5-P2) Fa13
How much do you know about the development of the Internet and the use of computers as communication tools? What do you recall from previous readings, notes and discussion?
Can you trace the development of the Internet using Winston's model?
Source: Media Technology and Society: A History From the Telegraph to the Internet
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Can you trace the development of the Internet using Winston's model?
Source: Media Technology and Society: A History From the Telegraph to the Internet
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Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.
Tuesday, September 17, 2013
InterculturalCom: Language & Culture: Beware of Idioms (U5-P2) Fa13
Beware of using idioms in intercultural settings.
An idiom is "a group of words whose meaning cannot be predicted from the meanings of the constituent words, as for example ( It was raining ) cats and dogs" or "kick the bucket or hang one's head." (Dictionary.com)
“A traditional way of saying something. Often an idiom, such as 'under the weather,' does not seem to make sense if taken literally. Someone unfamiliar with English idioms would probably not understand that to be 'under the weather' is to be sick.” (American Heritage New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy)
Why would you want to be careful about using idioms in intercultural situations?
Any connections between idioms and emblems?
Example of a Chinese idiom: "Dui niu tan ching"
It literally means “Playing music for a cow.”
If a wife told her husband that talking to him is like "dui niu tan ching," what is she really saying?
Does this translate into any American idioms?
If you are in an intercultural situation where idioms are used how can you figure out the meaning?
Share this post with others. See the Twitter, Facebook and other buttons below.
Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.
An idiom is "a group of words whose meaning cannot be predicted from the meanings of the constituent words, as for example ( It was raining ) cats and dogs" or "kick the bucket or hang one's head." (Dictionary.com)
“A traditional way of saying something. Often an idiom, such as 'under the weather,' does not seem to make sense if taken literally. Someone unfamiliar with English idioms would probably not understand that to be 'under the weather' is to be sick.” (American Heritage New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy)
Why would you want to be careful about using idioms in intercultural situations?
Any connections between idioms and emblems?
Example of a Chinese idiom: "Dui niu tan ching"
It literally means “Playing music for a cow.”
If a wife told her husband that talking to him is like "dui niu tan ching," what is she really saying?
Does this translate into any American idioms?
If you are in an intercultural situation where idioms are used how can you figure out the meaning?
Share this post with others. See the Twitter, Facebook and other buttons below.
Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.
Thursday, February 14, 2013
GlobalMedia: Development Communication: A History (Marshall Plan, etc.) (U5-P2) Sp13
 |
| "Uncle" Wilbur |
A Historical Sketch of Development Communication
First a quick overview...
Dr. Wilbur Schramm
According to Rogers, Schramm is the founder of the social science study of communication (late 40s-50s) and key founder of development communication.
- 1950s:
- Post-WWII & Cold War (Post-Imperialism?)-- Newly independent nations struggling (the “terrible ascent”)
- 1960s:
- Schramm: How to help them? His answer: w/ mass media - “the great multiplier.” Need to bring in mass media technology.
- 1970s:
- Many countries implemented mass media programs.
- 1980s:
- 1) Concern with “Neo-imperialism”
- 2) Mowlana: users of mass media blind to the importance of traditional forms of communication in some societies/cultures. “Technology vs. Tradition” (Mowlana)
- 1990s:
- Use of mass media to aid in development, but w/ caution regarding culture. Example: AIDS/HIV education in radio program in Tanzania & TV soap opera in China (Rogers)
- 2000s:
- New issues and use of new communication technologies
 |
| Hamid Mowlana |
Now back to the 40s and 50s...
Coming out of World War II the U.S. was in good shape (economically, politically, etc.), but many of the nations of Europe faced problems.
To get a sense of the problems faced see CNN Perspectives Presents Cold War
. (See also background info on this CNN series.)Some of the series is available online. As you watch the clips below pay close attention to the Marshall Plan. What relationship does it have to development communication?
U.S. provided $$ and expertise in "reconstructing" Europe. U.S. foreign policy (lead by Truman) changed isolationism to “active leadership.” The U.S. offered the Marshall Plan* (more on Marshall Plan from CNN).
See the clips 0:00 to 1:20 and from 20:28 to 27:46
Why should the U.S. help European countries after WWII?
- humanitarian concerns (White Man’s Burden again?)
- stop spread of communism!
Truman Doctrine: to defend freedom & democracy worldwide.
 |
| Edward T. Hall |
This was called the Point Four Program. (Director, Edward Hall)
One of the key tasks taken on by Hall was teaching U.S. diplomats intercultural communication skills. The formal study of intercultural communication can be traced back to Hall and this program. Hall has been called the founding father of intercultural communication study.
The government lacked knowledge on how to develop nations, so they turned to academia. Development theories were developed in economics, psychology, political science, sociology, and communication. For example, Wilbur Schramm offered his theory/approach to development. By the mid-70s, development programs were recognized as ineffective. Schramm, Rogers and others recognized the faults.
 |
| Everett M. Rogers |
The old way of doing development programs had the following errors:
- They assume infinite economic growth, ignore problems like population growth, pollution, etc., and do not take into account the "quality of life."
- They emphasize technology and capital rather than labor, thus encouraging economic dependence on advanced countries. Low priority to agriculture.
- It blames the developing countries for their failings, ignoring external factors beyond their control.
- It takes an ethnocentric (Western) bias by emphasizing the modernization of "traditional" individuals.
(Sources: International Encyclopedia of Communication, "Development Communication," 1989; "Marshall Plan" Britannica Online.].).
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Friday, October 26, 2012
MassMedia: Ideological Criticism & Noam Chomsky (Part 2 of 2) (U5-P2) [VID] fa12
Clips from Manufacturing Consent continued.
Clip 4:
See clip from 3:15 to 8:44.
Clip 5:
See clip from 4:44 to 7:40.
How does this film relate to ideological criticism?
What is the main argument?
What is the ideology discussed?
Is there hegemony?
What does “manufacturing consent” mean?
What was the 20-80 thing?
These ideas from the 1990s, do they apply to today's media environment?
If you are interested, you can watch the full Manufacturing Consent documentary on Hulu.com.
Also, if interested, there is a book -- Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media
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Clip 4:
See clip from 3:15 to 8:44.
Clip 5:
See clip from 4:44 to 7:40.
How does this film relate to ideological criticism?
What is the main argument?
What is the ideology discussed?
Is there hegemony?
What does “manufacturing consent” mean?
What was the 20-80 thing?
These ideas from the 1990s, do they apply to today's media environment?
If you are interested, you can watch the full Manufacturing Consent documentary on Hulu.com.
Also, if interested, there is a book -- Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass MediaShare this post with others. See the Twitter, Facebook and other buttons below.
Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.
MassMedia: Ideological Criticism & Noam Chomsky (Part 1 of 2) (U5-P2) [VID] fa12
While he may not use the phrase, Noam Chomsky, as shown in Manufacturing Consent, does practice ideological criticism.
The documentary, Manufacturing Consent (1992), is 2 hours and 46 minutes long, but I've boiled it down to about 20 minutes of key ideas relevant to a discussion of ideological criticism.
What is Chomsky's key argument (as shown here)? What points do you notice that are relevant to ideological criticism?
Clip 1:
See clip from 1:50 to 7:14.
See clip from 0:00 to 6:35.
See clip from 4:35 to 7:50
See the next post with the next set of Manufacturing Consent clips.
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See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.
The documentary, Manufacturing Consent (1992), is 2 hours and 46 minutes long, but I've boiled it down to about 20 minutes of key ideas relevant to a discussion of ideological criticism.
What is Chomsky's key argument (as shown here)? What points do you notice that are relevant to ideological criticism?
Clip 1:
See clip from 1:50 to 7:14.
See clip from 0:00 to 6:35.
See clip from 4:35 to 7:50
See the next post with the next set of Manufacturing Consent clips.
Share this post with others. See the Twitter, Facebook and other buttons below.
Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.
Tuesday, September 25, 2012
InterculturalCom: Language & Culture: Beware of Idioms (U5-P2) fa12
Beware of using idioms in intercultural settings.
An idiom is "a group of words whose meaning cannot be predicted from the meanings of the constituent words, as for example ( It was raining ) cats and dogs" or "kick the bucket or hang one's head." (Dictionary.com)
“A traditional way of saying something. Often an idiom, such as 'under the weather,' does not seem to make sense if taken literally. Someone unfamiliar with English idioms would probably not understand that to be 'under the weather' is to be sick.” (American Heritage New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy)
Why would you want to be careful about using idioms in intercultural situations?
Any connections between idioms and emblems?
Example of a Chinese idiom: "Dui niu tan ching"
It literally means “Playing music for a cow.”
If a wife told her husband that talking to him is like "dui niu tan ching," what is she really saying?
Does this translate into any American idioms?
If you are in an intercultural situation where idioms are used how can you figure out the meaning?
Share this post with others. See the Twitter, Facebook and other buttons below.
Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.
An idiom is "a group of words whose meaning cannot be predicted from the meanings of the constituent words, as for example ( It was raining ) cats and dogs" or "kick the bucket or hang one's head." (Dictionary.com)
“A traditional way of saying something. Often an idiom, such as 'under the weather,' does not seem to make sense if taken literally. Someone unfamiliar with English idioms would probably not understand that to be 'under the weather' is to be sick.” (American Heritage New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy)
Why would you want to be careful about using idioms in intercultural situations?
Any connections between idioms and emblems?
Example of a Chinese idiom: "Dui niu tan ching"
It literally means “Playing music for a cow.”
If a wife told her husband that talking to him is like "dui niu tan ching," what is she really saying?
Does this translate into any American idioms?
If you are in an intercultural situation where idioms are used how can you figure out the meaning?
Share this post with others. See the Twitter, Facebook and other buttons below.
Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.
Monday, September 24, 2012
MediaTech: Internet/New Media: The Basics: Winston's Model (U5-P2) fa12
How much do you know about the development of the Internet and the use of computers as communication tools?
Can you trace the development of the Internet using Winston's model?
Source: Media Technology and Society: A History From the Telegraph to the Internet
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Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.
Can you trace the development of the Internet using Winston's model?
Source: Media Technology and Society: A History From the Telegraph to the Internet
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Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.
Saturday, March 24, 2012
GlobalMedia: International Journalism: The CNN Effect & the Social Media Effect (U5-P2)
In his book, Global Communication: Theories, Stakeholders, and Trends
, Thomas McPhail defines the CNN effect as "the process by which the coverage of a foreign event by CNN causes that event to be a primary concern for its audience, which in turn forces the federal government to act." One could add to the U.S. government, then as part of its foreign policy, may influence foreign governments/peoples through direct action (e.g., war) or through sanctions. See video clip.Does CNN still have this influence on foreign policy? Any other news networks, U.S. or otherwise, have this influence? Any other form of media now has this influence? Think: Arab Spring (see first 2 minutes). Think: Kony2012 (see short clip). What role does social media play in shaping foreign policy? How's that process work?
The "social media effect" is defined here as the process by which the coverage of an event on Facebook, Twitter, Youtube, etc. causes that event to be a primary concern for its audiences around the world, which in turn forces foreign governments to act, thus further influencing the event.
See clip below for more the idea of social media effect.
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Wednesday, October 12, 2011
MediaTech: Internet/New Media: The Basics: Winston's Model (U5-P2)
How much do you know about the development of the Internet and the use of computers as communication tools?
Can you trace the development of the Internet using Winston's model?
Source: Media Technology and Society: A History From the Telegraph to the Internet
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Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.
Can you trace the development of the Internet using Winston's model?
Source: Media Technology and Society: A History From the Telegraph to the Internet
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Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.
Tuesday, September 27, 2011
InterculturalCom: Language & Culture: Beware of Idioms (U5-P2)
Beware of using idioms in intercultural settings.
An idiom is "a group of words whose meaning cannot be predicted from the meanings of the constituent words, as for example ( It was raining ) cats and dogs" or "kick the bucket or hang one's head." (Dictionary.com)
“A traditional way of saying something. Often an idiom, such as 'under the weather,' does not seem to make sense if taken literally. Someone unfamiliar with English idioms would probably not understand that to be 'under the weather' is to be sick.” (American Heritage New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy)
Why would you want to be careful about using idioms in intercultural situations?
Any connections between idioms and emblems?
Example of a Chinese idiom: "Dui niu tan ching"
It literally means “Playing music for a cow.”
If a wife told her husband that talking to him is like "dui niu tan ching," what is she really saying?
Does this translate into any American idioms?
If you are in an intercultural situation where idioms are used how can you figure out the meaning?
Share this post with others. See the Twitter, Facebook and other buttons below.
Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.
An idiom is "a group of words whose meaning cannot be predicted from the meanings of the constituent words, as for example ( It was raining ) cats and dogs" or "kick the bucket or hang one's head." (Dictionary.com)
“A traditional way of saying something. Often an idiom, such as 'under the weather,' does not seem to make sense if taken literally. Someone unfamiliar with English idioms would probably not understand that to be 'under the weather' is to be sick.” (American Heritage New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy)
Why would you want to be careful about using idioms in intercultural situations?
Any connections between idioms and emblems?
Example of a Chinese idiom: "Dui niu tan ching"
It literally means “Playing music for a cow.”
If a wife told her husband that talking to him is like "dui niu tan ching," what is she really saying?
Does this translate into any American idioms?
If you are in an intercultural situation where idioms are used how can you figure out the meaning?
Share this post with others. See the Twitter, Facebook and other buttons below.
Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.
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