MassMedia: Photojournalism (U3-P2) [VID] Fa14

Now let's turn our attention to those who provide the visuals for print news stories, photojournalists.

In the "Photojournalism Tutorial" video below pay close attention to (1) the definition of photojournalism, (2) the three key rules of journalism/photojournalism, (3) the rules of the field and (4) the tips for being a good photojournalist.

"Photojournalism Tutorial"

Besides composing a good photograph, photographers may also be involved in another type of composition. Photographers, especially photojournalist, may also compose captions for their photographs.  Let's learn how to write a news photo caption.

---

Source

They say that a picture is worth a thousand words.

If that is true for news photographs, then the caption (the verbal description) for the photograph, is like the lead to the thousand word story.

In a news article, the first few sentences of the story is the lead. The lead tells the reader the who, what, when, where, why and how of the story. Packed into the lead is quick overview of the whole news story.*


So, as Kobre' points out in his book, Photojournalism: The Professionals' Approach, a caption should tell the reader/viewer the who, what, when, where, why and how of the photograph.  The caption serves the same purpose as a lead in a written news story. [If your interest is specifically in photojournalism, I'd strongly recommend Kobre's book.]

The 5 W's and the H of a news story (or in this case, a news photograph):

• Who - who is the news event about, who is in the photo?
• What - what happened in the news event, what is happening in the photo?
• When - when did the news event happen, when was the photo taken?
• Where - where did the news event happen, where was the photo taken?
• Why (1) - why did the news event happen, what happened that lead to the photograph, what happened before?
• Why (2) - what is the significance of the news event, why is it important to us, what is going to happen after this event?
• How - how did the event happen?

So, a lead in a written news story should answer the who, what, when, where and how of the new event and sometimes it'll address the why and how.

Now, if a caption of a news photograph is like the lead of a news story, then what does a caption include.

The Associated Press recommends a caption should contain two concise sentences. The first sentence of the caption should include the who, what, when and where.  The second sentence should provide the background information on the how and the why, especially the significance of the news event.

Tip: Start the first sentence with the most important thing to your audience.  If who is important, then start with who.  For example, if a celebrity is the who, then you'll probably want to start your sentence with that person's name. If the where is important, then start your first sentence with where.  For example, if a disease is breaking out is a certain area, then the location or where, is probably more important.

Check out AP's Top Photos of the Week page for current examples of news photographs and their captions. Hover the mouse over the photos to see the captions.  Do the AP photographers and photo editors practice what the AP style guidelines recommend?

Can you write a caption for a new photo?  Find some photos you know something about, perhaps from the AP link above or this link, and see if you can write a caption for the photo.  Practice. practice, practice.

* We're especially talking about hard news stories here.

Share this post with others. See the Twitter, Facebook and other buttons below.
Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.

MediaTech: Innovation Adoption & Development: Rogers Development (U3-P2) Fa14

Note: Don't confuse this with the adoption decision process.

How does the innovation development process work?
How does an innovation come to exist, diffuse and influence society?

1. Recognizing a Problem or Need
2. Basic and Applied Research
3. Development
4. Commercialization
5. Diffusion and Adoption
6. Consequences

Did you see this process in the Empire of the Air?


1. Recognizing a Problem or Need

• Was there a need for radio?   Did it solve a problem?

2. Basic and Applied Research

• Basic research: gain basic scientific knowledge related to the problem/need
• Applied research: using scientific knowledge to specifically solve the problem.
• What did the early inventors of radio need to know?  What was there research?

3. Development

• How did radio develop?  What is the story?
• Role of skunk works in organizations?   (Oxford Dictionary definition) 
• Technology transfer: two-way exchange of tech
• Technology transfer: “two or more parties must participate in a series of communication exchanges as they seek to establish a mutual understanding about the meaning of the technology” (Rogers)
• Example
• VCR invented by Ampex, a U.S. company in late 50s
• Sold big VCRs to television stations
• Home use: They said “we’re not in that market”
• Sold rights to Sony
• And now you know the rest of the story

4. Commercialization

• Commercialization: “the production, manufacturing, packaging, marketing, and distribution of a product that embodies the innovation” (Rogers).
• Did they talk of the commercialization of radio in the clip?  In the reading?
• Technology cluster: “consists of one or more distinguishable elements of technology that are perceived as being interrelated closely.” (Rogers)
• e.g., computer and mouse
• e.g., mp3 player and __________
• What are the elements of the radio cluster that would also diffuse?

5. Diffusion and Adoption

• How did radio diffusion?  Did it diffusion widely?

6. Consequences

• What effects did radio have on society?
• More on consequences later.  We'll return to that important topic later.

Did you see this process in the Empire of the Air?


Besides radio, do you have some understanding of this process as it relates to some other media technology? What about some Apple devices?  Did the recent Jobs movie show any of this process?



Source: Diffusion of Innovations, 4th ed.



Share this post with others. See the Twitter, Facebook and other buttons below.
Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.

DigPhotog: Your Favorite Type of Photography (U3-P2) Sp14

There are many different types of photography.

Created using Wordle based on MediaCollege's types of photography.

What are your favorites?  What type of photography do you like taking or would want to take.  I'd encourage you to pick one type of photography and practice it until you do well in it and then move on to other types.

From MediaCollege's list above, the types of photography that are most relevant to beginning photographers are the following:

• Animal, Pet - "Pets and their relationships with humans. Note that the human content is often as important as the animal" (MediaCollege).
• Architecture - "The art of making property [like buildings] appear attractive. Often involves panoramic photography."
• Artistic - "Photography in which creative composition is the goal."
• Black & White - "Not simply photography without colour, black and white photography explores shapes, tones and textures. Shadows and highlights become much more important.
• Camera Phone - "'Convenience' photography using a mobile phone's built-in camera. While not the best quality, camera phones have opened a new world of spontaneous, on-the-spot photo opportunities."
• Commercial - "Product shots, advertising, etc."
• Documentary - "Journalism, Events, Historical, Political, etc."
• Event - "Concerts, parties, festivals, weddings, etc."
• Macro - "The art of photographing very small and/or close-up objects."
• Nature - "Landscapes, animals, plants, sea, etc."
• Night - "Any technique used to capture images at night. Often includes infrared photography."
• Panoramic - "Views of wide areas, up to complete 360° panoramas."
• People - "Candid, Family, Fashion, Glamour, Passports & Visas, Portrait, Pregnancy, School, Sports, Wedding"
• Scenic - "Landscape, Cityscape"
• Sports - "The specialized art of shooting people engaged in sports, games and adventure activities.
• Urban, Industrial or Street - Emphasizing urban environments.

What are your favorites?  What type of photography do you like taking or would want to take.  I'd encourage you to pick one type of photography and practice it until you do well in it and then move on to other types.



Share this post with others. See the Twitter, Facebook and other buttons below.
Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.

InterculturalCom: Cultural Values: Kluckhohn, Kluckhohn, Strodtbeck’s Value Orientation Scales (U3-P2) Fa14

What are Kluckhohn, Kluckhohn, Strodtbeck’s Value Orientation Scales?

Value Orientation Scales based on a studies done by anthropologists (Kluckhohn, Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck) during the 1950s in New Mexico.

Do these sound familiar?  Can you place a person you know or a cultural group into one of the three categories in the above five dimensions?  Some cultures are already placed above.  What about others?


Share this post with others. See the Twitter, Facebook and other buttons below.
Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.

GlobalMedia: Music, MTV & Global Media: Crothers' Key Concepts (U3-P2) Sp14

Crother's Key Concepts

In Crothers' 2012 book, Globalization and American Popular Culture, the author explores the "ways that American movies, music, and television programs shape and are shaped by contemporary globalization."


It is important for Americans to study this topic because "it is through these artifacts (and many others) that the rest of the world sees American values and lifestyles."  Or put more poetically: "[W]hat people are likely to see of America and what they are likely to know about America will be filtered through the lens of American popular culture."

So, it is through these artifacts that the world understands American culture.  However, this is not the only reason it is important to study this topic.

More importantly, what effect do these American cultural artifacts have on the cultures other countries?

In the book Crothers defines culture as "the root values, ideas, assumptions, behaviors, and attitudes that members of particular communities generally share in an unexamined, automatic way."

"Among the many things that cultures teach their members are normative standards of evaluation—of dress, food, behavior, attitudes, ideas, and many other things."


---

Early on in the book Crothers covers some additional key concepts: popular culture, globalization and fragmegration.

Crothers discusses popular culture, but does not give a succinct definition, so we go to another source for our definition here:

pop[ular] culture:  "commercial culture based on popular taste: fashion, music, and the iconography of pop culture offered the perfect medium for profit (Oxford Dictionary).

With this given definition, how would you describe American popular culture?
Make special note of music.


---

Similarly, for a succinct definition of globablization, we will need to head to an outside source.

globalization: "the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale" (Oxford Dictionary).

"A combination of economic, political, and cultural factors promote globalization by
(1) making it possible to create new and increased ties among people, social networks, and ideas that span traditional nation-state boundaries;
(2) linking people in new ways, making it possible for work or travel or shopping or other activities to take place twenty-four hours a day around the world;
(3) advancing the speed of communication and the expectation of instantaneous contact, in effect making global events and issues local ones as well; and
(4) shaping and reshaping individuals’ ideas and identities as they are exposed to this increasingly complex world" (Crothers, 2012).

---
Crothers draws on James Rosenau's work.

Rosenau coined the term fragmegration "to describe the integration-fragmentation dynamic that shapes globalization today. Fragmentation and integration occur at the same time, profoundly shaping the dynamics of globalization."

At the same time the process of globalization brings the world together and pushes it apart.
Really?  How?  Explain.

How does music fit in here?



Share this post with others. See the Twitter, Facebook and other buttons below.
Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.

DigPhotog: Your Favorite Type of Photography (U3-P2) Sp14

There are many different types of photography.

Created using Wordle based on MediaCollege's types of photography.

What are your favorites?  What type of photography do you like taking or would want to take.  I'd encourage you to pick one type of photography and practice it until you do well in it and then move on to other types.

From MediaCollege's list above, the types of photography that are most relevant to beginning photographers are the following:

• Animal, Pet - "Pets and their relationships with humans. Note that the human content is often as important as the animal" (MediaCollege).
• Architecture - "The art of making property [like buildings] appear attractive. Often involves panoramic photography."
• Artistic - "Photography in which creative composition is the goal."
• Black & White - "Not simply photography without colour, black and white photography explores shapes, tones and textures. Shadows and highlights become much more important.
• Camera Phone - "'Convenience' photography using a mobile phone's built-in camera. While not the best quality, camera phones have opened a new world of spontaneous, on-the-spot photo opportunities."
• Commercial - "Product shots, advertising, etc."
• Documentary - "Journalism, Events, Historical, Political, etc."
• Event - "Concerts, parties, festivals, weddings, etc."
• Macro - "The art of photographing very small and/or close-up objects."
• Nature - "Landscapes, animals, plants, sea, etc."
• Night - "Any technique used to capture images at night. Often includes infrared photography."
• Panoramic - "Views of wide areas, up to complete 360° panoramas."
• People - "Candid, Family, Fashion, Glamour, Passports & Visas, Portrait, Pregnancy, School, Sports, Wedding"
• Scenic - "Landscape, Cityscape"
• Sports - "The specialized art of shooting people engaged in sports, games and adventure activities.
• Urban, Industrial or Street - Emphasizing urban environments.

What are your favorites?  What type of photography do you like taking or would want to take.  I'd encourage you to pick one type of photography and practice it until you do well in it and then move on to other types.



Share this post with others. See the Twitter, Facebook and other buttons below.
Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.

DigPhotog: Street/Public Photography (a YT playlist+) (U3-P2) Fa13

What type of photography do you like?  What type of photography do you like taking?  Landscape?  Portrait?  Street photography?  Close-up nature (flowers, etc.)? Other?

Here, let's focus (excuse the pun) on street photography.


Street Photography

Questions to keep in mind when watching the clips below.

• What is street photography?
• What are some do's and don'ts of street photography?
• What are the rights of photographers in public spaces according to the ACLU?
• In what ways are street photography and public photography relate?

My YouTube playlist on street photography and the related idea of taking photos in public



Click on the word "Playlist" or the playlist symbol to see the other videos in my playlist on street photography and the related idea of taking photos in public.

So...
What is street photography?
What are some do's and don'ts of street photography?
What are the rights of photographers in public spaces according to the ACLU?
In what ways are street photography and public photography relate?  How do paparazzi fit into this discussion?  Did I say paparazzi? :)

One of the video clips in the above playlist makes reference to the ACLU and photography in public spaces.  Here is more info: "Know Your Rights: Photographers"


Other types of photography

Street photography is just one type of photography that you can focus on.  There are such types as black and white photography, portraits, still life, architectural, landscapes, close-up nature (flowers, etc.), children, sports & action, etc.  I'd suggest you "focus" on one type until you developed some skills in that area and then move on to other types, if you want.





Share this post with others. See the Twitter, Facebook and other buttons below.
Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.

MediaTech: Innovation Adoption & Development: Rogers Development (U3-P2) Fa13

Note: Don't confuse this with the adoption decision process.

How does the innovation development process work?
How does an innovation come to exist, diffuse and influence society?

1. Recognizing a Problem or Need
2. Basic and Applied Research
3. Development
4. Commercialization
5. Diffusion and Adoption
6. Consequences

Did you see this process in the Empire of the Air?


1. Recognizing a Problem or Need

• Was there a need for radio?   Did it solve a problem?

2. Basic and Applied Research

• Basic research: gain basic scientific knowledge related to the problem/need
• Applied research: using scientific knowledge to specifically solve the problem.
• What did the early inventors of radio need to know?  What was there research?

3. Development

• How did radio develop?  What is the story?
• Role of skunk works in organizations?   (Oxford Dictionary definition) 
• Technology transfer: two-way exchange of tech
• Technology transfer: “two or more parties must participate in a series of communication exchanges as they seek to establish a mutual understanding about the meaning of the technology” (Rogers)
• Example
• VCR invented by Ampex, a U.S. company in late 50s
• Sold big VCRs to television stations
• Home use: They said “we’re not in that market”
• Sold rights to Sony
• And now you know the rest of the story

4. Commercialization

• Commercialization: “the production, manufacturing, packaging, marketing, and distribution of a product that embodies the innovation” (Rogers).
• Did they talk of the commercialization of radio in the clip?  In the reading?
• Technology cluster: “consists of one or more distinguishable elements of technology that are perceived as being interrelated closely.” (Rogers)
• e.g., computer and mouse
• e.g., mp3 player and __________
• What are the elements of the radio cluster that would also diffuse?

5. Diffusion and Adoption

• How did radio diffusion?  Did it diffusion widely?

6. Consequences

• What effects did radio have on society?
• More on consequences later.  We'll return to that important topic later.

Did you see this process in the Empire of the Air?


Besides radio, do you have some understanding of this process as it relates to some other media technology? What about some Apple devices?  Did the recent Jobs movie show any of this process?



Source: Diffusion of Innovations, 4th ed.




Share this post with others. See the Twitter, Facebook and other buttons below.
Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.

InterculturalCom: Cultural Values: Kluckhohn, Kluckhohn, Strodtbeck’s Value Orientation Scales (U3-P2) Fa13

What are Kluckhohn, Kluckhohn, Strodtbeck’s Value Orientation Scales?

Value Orientation Scales based on a studies done by anthropologists (Kluckhohn, Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck) during the 1950s in New Mexico.

Do these sound familiar?  Can you place a person you know or a cultural group into one of the three categories in the above five dimensions?  Some cultures are already placed above.  What about others?


Share this post with others. See the Twitter, Facebook and other buttons below.
Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.

GlobalMedia: Music, MTV & Global Media: Crothers' Key Concepts (U3-P2) Sp13

Crother's Key Concepts

In Crothers' 2012 book, Globalization and American Popular Culture, the author explores the "ways that American movies, music, and television programs shape and are shaped by contemporary globalization."


It is important for Americans to study this topic because "it is through these artifacts (and many others) that the rest of the world sees American values and lifestyles."  Or put put more poetically: "[W]hat people are likely to see of America and what they are likely to know about America will be filtered through the lens of American popular culture."

So, it is through these artifacts that the world understands American culture.  However, this is not the only reason it is important to study this topic.

More importantly, what effect do these American cultural artifacts have on the cultures other countries?

In the book Crothers defines culture as "the root values, ideas, assumptions, behaviors, and attitudes that members of particular communities generally share in an unexamined, automatic way."

"Among the many things that cultures teach their members are normative standards of evaluation—of dress, food, behavior, attitudes, ideas, and many other things."


---

Early on in the book Crothers covers some additional key concepts: popular culture, globalization and fragmegration.

Crothers discusses popular culture, but does not give a succinct definition, so we go to another source for our definition here:

pop[ular] culture:  "commercial culture based on popular taste: fashion, music, and the iconography of pop culture offered the perfect medium for profit (Oxford Dictionary).

With this given definition, how would you describe American popular culture?
Make special note of music.


---

Similarly, for a succinct definition of globablization, we will need to head to an outside source.

globalization: "the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale" (Oxford Dictionary).

"A combination of economic, political, and cultural factors promote globalization by
(1) making it possible to create new and increased ties among people, social networks, and ideas that span traditional nation-state boundaries;
(2) linking people in new ways, making it possible for work or travel or shopping or other activities to take place twenty-four hours a day around the world;
(3) advancing the speed of communication and the expectation of instantaneous contact, in effect making global events and issues local ones as well; and
(4) shaping and reshaping individuals’ ideas and identities as they are exposed to this increasingly complex world" (Crothers, 2012).

---
Crothers draws on James Rosenau's work.

Rosenau coined the term fragmegration "to describe the integration-fragmentation dynamic that shapes globalization today. Fragmentation and integration occur at the same time, profoundly shaping the dynamics of globalization."

At the same time the process of globalization brings the world together and pushes it apart.
Really?  How?  Explain.

How does music fit in here?



Share this post with others. See the Twitter, Facebook and other buttons below.
Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.

MediaTech: Innovation Adoption & Development: Rogers Development (U3-P2) fa12

How does the innovation development process work?

1. Recognizing a Problem or Need
2. Basic and Applied Research
3. Development
4. Commercialization
5. Diffusion and Adoption
6. Consequences

1. Recognizing a Problem or Need
2. Basic and Applied Research

• Basic research: gain basic scientific knowledge
• Applied research: using scientific knowledge

3. Development

• Role of skunk works in organization?   (Oxford Dictionary definition) 
• Technology transfer: two-way exchange of tech
• Technology transfer: “two or more parties must participate in a series of communication exchanges as they seek to establish a mutual understanding about the meaning of the technology” (Rogers)
• Example
• VCR invented by Ampex, a U.S. company in late 50s
• Sold big VCRs to television stations
• Home use: They said “we’re not in that market”
• Sold rights to Sony
• And now you know the rest of the story

4. Commercialization

• Commercialization: “the production, manufacturing, packaging, marketing, and distribution of a product that embodies the innovation.” (Rogers)
• Technology cluster: “consists of one or more distinguishable elements of technology that are perceived as being interrelated closely.” (Rogers)
• e.g., computer and mouse
• e.g., mp3 player and ____________

5. Diffusion and Adoption
6. Consequences

• More on consequences later.

See this process in the Empire of the Air?



Source: Diffusion of Innovations, 4th ed.




Share this post with others. See the Twitter, Facebook and other buttons below.
Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.

InterculturalCom: Cultural Values: Dominant American Values? (U3-P2) fa12

Are there dominant American cultural values? What are they?

Note where each value is placed on the map.  Any significance?



Share this post with others. See the Twitter, Facebook and other buttons below.
Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.

GlobalMedia: Definitions and Metaphors for Culture (U3-P2)

What is culture?

There are hundreds of definitions of culture in the literature.
Let's use this one:

Culture is a set of shared knowledge that influences a particular group of people’s behavior. (Hart)


Hofstede's Computer Metaphor:
Culture is the software of the mind.
We are programmed by our experiences.

Created by Uwe Kils 

The Iceberg Metaphor of Culture
"Above the waterline—what we can see; behaviors that are visible.
Below the waterline—what we cannot see; behaviors that are not visible or that do not make sense."



















Share this post with others. See the Twitter, Facebook and other buttons below.
Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.

MediaTech: Innovation Adoption & Development: Rogers Development (U3-P2)

How does the innovation development process work?

1. Recognizing a Problem or Need
2. Basic and Applied Research
3. Development
4. Commercialization
5. Diffusion and Adoption
6. Consequences

1. Recognizing a Problem or Need
2. Basic and Applied Research

• Basic research: gain basic scientific knowledge
• Applied research: using scientific knowledge

3. Development

• Role of skunk works in organization?   (Oxford Dictionary definition) 
• Technology transfer: two-way exchange of tech
• Technology transfer: “two or more parties must participate in a series of communication exchanges as they seek to establish a mutual understanding about the meaning of the technology” (Rogers)
• Example
• VCR invented by Ampex, a U.S. company in late 50s
• Sold big VCRs to television stations
• Home use: They said “we’re not in that market”
• Sold rights to Sony
• And now you know the rest of the story

4. Commercialization

• Commercialization: “the production, manufacturing, packaging, marketing, and distribution of a product that embodies the innovation.” (Rogers)
• Technology cluster: “consists of one or more distinguishable elements of technology that are perceived as being interrelated closely.” (Rogers)
• e.g., computer and mouse
• e.g., mp3 player and ____________

5. Diffusion and Adoption
6. Consequences

• More on consequences later.

See this process in the Empire of the Air?



Source: Diffusion of Innovations, 4th ed.



Share this with others. See the Twitter, FB and other buttons below.

See more at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.

InterculturalCom: Cultural Values: Dominant American Values? (U3-P2)

Are there dominant American cultural values? What are they?

Note where each value is placed on the map.  Any significance?

Share this with others. See the Twitter, FB and other buttons below.
See more at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.