GlobalMedia: Intercultural Com: Cultural Values (W6-P4) Sp17

What are values?

"Social principles, goals, or standards accepted by persons in a culture. They are learned by contacts with the family, teachers, and religious leaders. The media also may influence one’s value system."

Or what are the things that a culture finds valuable, important.
Money?   Family?

























What are your values?  Where did you get them?  Are there some values more important than others?  What is your most important value?  Interacted with somebody who has a different set of values?

Share this post with others. See the Twitter, Facebook and other buttons below.
Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.

GlobalMedia: Intercultural Com: A Model of Intercultural Com (W6-P3) Sp17

Read the diagram above.  The model of intercultural communication (ICC) begins with two people from different cultures interacting or communicating.  What is the rest of the process?  What are the parts of the process of intercultural communication?  In this model, the goal is effective intercultural communication, but what are some of the barriers that can cause problems?  Prejudice?  Stereotypes?  Discrimination?  Differences in language?  Others?

Share this post with others. See the Twitter, Facebook and other buttons below.
Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.

GlobalMedia: Fortner's Characteristics of International Communication (W2-P3) Sp17

According to Fortner, any international communication activity has the following characteristics. Think of an international communication activity (e.g., a U.S. film shown in China). Does it have these characteristics?

1. Intentionality
1. intentional - e.g., Voice of America (listen now)
2. unintentional - e.g., radio "spillover"
2. Channels
1. public - e.g., TV or radio broadcast
2. private - e.g., encrypted Internet message
3. Distributive Technologies
1. How is it distributed?  Radio/TV waves, cables/wires, film/cassettes, CDs, Internet, etc.
4. Content Form
1. entertainment
2. news
3. information/data
5. Cultural Consequences
1. Dominant countries impose cultural values on other countries?
2. e.g., MTV stations in Asia?  The results of MTV in Asia?
6. Political Nature
1. "All [INC] is political in one way or another" (Fortner).
2. Political = power/control

How does the following international communication news story fit into the above?
Twitter account associated with Iran's leader criticises France (The Daily Star :: Lebanon News, 2013 )

Share this post with others. See the Twitter, Facebook and other buttons below.
Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.

GlobalMedia: What are International Communication and Global Communication? (W2-P2) Sp17

There are activities (things that happen in the world) and there are fields of academic study.

International and global communication can be seen as both an activity and a field of study.

International Communication: “simply defined, is communication that occurs across international borders, that is, over the borders of nation-states”(Fortner).

International Communication: “a field of inquiry and research that consists of the transfer of values, attitudes, opinions, and information through individuals, groups, governments, and technologies, as well as the study of the structure of institutions responsible for promoting or inhibiting such messages among and between nations and cultures”(Mowlana).

Global Communication: “the intersection of disciplines that studies the transborder communication of values, attitudes, opinions, information, and data by individuals, groups, people, institutions, governments, and information technologies, as well as the resulting controversial issues arising from the structure of institutions responsible for promoting or inhibiting such messages among and between nations and cultures”(Frederick). [Note: Frederick is a former student of Mowlana. I had the honor of being a student of both Mowlana and Frederick at American University's School of International Service.]

What difference do you see between "international communication" and "global communication"?  Are they the same thing?  What is Frederick adding to the discussion?


One thing that Frederick stresses is that "global communication" is "an intersection of disciplines" or put another way it is an interdiscipline.

Interdiscipline: "a field of scholars who identify with various disciplines but share a common interest in a theme that crosses traditional [academic] boundaries“ (Littlejohn).

Disciplines which study GC: international relations, political science, communication, sociology, anthropology, electronic communication, etc.

Another difference that Frederick stresses is: 

• International Communication: 
• communication between nation-states
• Global Communication: 
• includes nation-states, but also acknowledges the growing importance of the role of the “non-state actors”

Types and examples of “non-state actors”

• Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)
• private interest groups
• Grameen Bank 
• Greenpeace International
• (See Union of International Associations (UIA) - 44,000+ NGOs listed)
• Transnational Corporations (TNCs)
• Examples
• Microsoft
• Coca-Cola
• CNN

Mowlana acknowledges Frederick’s distinction and now uses “Global Communication” in later books.

Use the definition given above and determine if the following are examples of global communication.

• Transfer of funds from a bank in U.S. to a Swiss bank?
• CNN broadcasts around the world?
• An electronic journal produced in the U.S. read by a person in Argentina?
• Voice of America broadcasts in other countries?
• Television programming produced in New Zealand shown in Australia?
• Pres. Obama talking with German leader?

Share this post with others. See the Twitter, Facebook and other buttons below.
Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.

GlobalMedia: Intercultural Com: Cultural Values (W6-P4) Sp16

What are values?

"Social principles, goals, or standards accepted by persons in a culture. They are learned by contacts with the family, teachers, and religious leaders. The media also may influence one’s value system."

Or what are the things that a culture finds valuable, important.
Money?   Family?

























What are your values?  Where did you get them?  Are there some values more important than others?  What is your most important value?  Interacted with somebody who has a different set of values?

Share this post with others. See the Twitter, Facebook and other buttons below.
Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.

GlobalMedia: Intercultural Com: A Model of Intercultural Com (W6-P3) Sp16

Read the diagram above.  The model of intercultural communication (ICC) begins with two people from different cultures interacting or communicating.  What is the rest of the process?  What are the parts of the process of intercultural communication?  In this model, the goal is effective intercultural communication, but what are some of the barriers that can cause problems?  Prejudice?  Stereotypes?  Discrimination?  Differences in language?  Others?


Share this post with others. See the Twitter, Facebook and other buttons below.
Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.

GlobalMedia: Fortner's Characteristics of International Communication (W2-P3) Sp16

According to Fortner, any international communication activity has the following characteristics. Think of an international communication activity (e.g., a U.S. film shown in China). Does it have these characteristics?

1. Intentionality
1. intentional - e.g., Voice of America (listen now)
2. unintentional - e.g., radio "spillover"
2. Channels
1. public - e.g., TV or radio broadcast
2. private - e.g., encrypted Internet message
3. Distributive Technologies
1. How is it distributed?  Radio/TV waves, cables/wires, film/cassettes, CDs, Internet, etc.
4. Content Form
1. entertainment
2. news
3. information/data
5. Cultural Consequences
1. Dominant countries impose cultural values on other countries?
2. e.g., MTV stations in Asia?  The results of MTV in Asia?
6. Political Nature
1. "All [INC] is political in one way or another" (Fortner).
2. Political = power/control

How does the following international communication news story fit into the above?
Twitter account associated with Iran's leader criticises France (The Daily Star :: Lebanon News, 2013 )


Share this post with others. See the Twitter, Facebook and other buttons below.
Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.

GlobalMedia: What are International Communication and Global Communication? (W2-P2) Sp16

There are activities (things that happen in the world) and there are fields of academic study.

International and global communication can be seen as both an activity and a field of study.

International Communication: “simply defined, is communication that occurs across international borders, that is, over the borders of nation-states”(Fortner).

International Communication: “a field of inquiry and research that consists of the transfer of values, attitudes, opinions, and information through individuals, groups, governments, and technologies, as well as the study of the structure of institutions responsible for promoting or inhibiting such messages among and between nations and cultures”(Mowlana).

Global Communication: “the intersection of disciplines that studies the transborder communication of values, attitudes, opinions, information, and data by individuals, groups, people, institutions, governments, and information technologies, as well as the resulting controversial issues arising from the structure of institutions responsible for promoting or inhibiting such messages among and between nations and cultures”(Frederick). [Note: Frederick is a former student of Mowlana. I had the honor of being a student of both Mowlana and Frederick at American University's School of International Service.]

What difference do you see between "international communication" and "global communication"?  Are they the same thing?  What is Frederick adding to the discussion?


One thing that Frederick stresses is that "global communication" is "an intersection of disciplines" or put another way it is an interdiscipline.

Interdiscipline: "a field of scholars who identify with various disciplines but share a common interest in a theme that crosses traditional [academic] boundaries“ (Littlejohn).

Disciplines which study GC: international relations, political science, communication, sociology, anthropology, electronic communication, etc.

Another difference that Frederick stresses is: 

• International Communication: 
• communication between nation-states
• Global Communication: 
• includes nation-states, but also acknowledges the growing importance of the role of the “non-state actors”

Types and examples of “non-state actors”

• Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)
• private interest groups
• Grameen Bank 
• Greenpeace International
• (See Union of International Associations (UIA) - 44,000+ NGOs listed)
• Transnational Corporations (TNCs)
• Examples
• Microsoft
• Coca-Cola
• CNN

Mowlana acknowledges Frederick’s distinction and now uses “Global Communication” in later books.

Use the definition given above and determine if the following are examples of global communication.

• Transfer of funds from a bank in U.S. to a Swiss bank?
• CNN broadcasts around the world?
• An electronic journal produced in the U.S. read by a person in Argentina?
• Voice of America broadcasts in other countries?
• Television programming produced in New Zealand shown in Australia?
• Pres. Obama talking with German leader?

Share this post with others. See the Twitter, Facebook and other buttons below.
Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.

MassMedia: What are International Communication and Global Communication? (W15-P1) Fa15

There are activities (things that happen in the world) and there are fields of academic study.

International and global communication can be seen as both an activity and a field of study.

International Communication: “simply defined, is communication that occurs across international borders, that is, over the borders of nation-states”(Fortner).

International Communication: “a field of inquiry and research that consists of the transfer of values, attitudes, opinions, and information through individuals, groups, governments, and technologies, as well as the study of the structure of institutions responsible for promoting or inhibiting such messages among and between nations and cultures”(Mowlana).

Global Communication: “the intersection of disciplines that studies the transborder communication of values, attitudes, opinions, information, and data by individuals, groups, people, institutions, governments, and information technologies, as well as the resulting controversial issues arising from the structure of institutions responsible for promoting or inhibiting such messages among and between nations and cultures”(Frederick). [Note: Frederick is a former student of Mowlana. I had the honor of being a student of both Mowlana and Frederick at American University's School of International Service.]

What difference do you see between "international communication" and "global communication"?  Are they the same thing?  What is Frederick adding to the discussion?


One thing that Frederick stresses is that "global communication" is "an intersection of disciplines" or put another way it is an interdiscipline.

Interdiscipline: "a field of scholars who identify with various disciplines but share a common interest in a theme that crosses traditional [academic] boundaries“ (Littlejohn).

Disciplines which study GC: international relations, political science, communication, sociology, anthropology, electronic communication, etc.

Another difference that Frederick stresses is: 

• International Communication: 
• communication between nation-states
• Global Communication: 
• includes nation-states, but also acknowledges the growing importance of the role of the “non-state actors”

Types and examples of “non-state actors”

• Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)
• private interest groups
• Grameen Bank 
• Greenpeace International
• (See Union of International Associations (UIA) - 44,000+ NGOs listed)
• Transnational Corporations (TNCs)
• Examples
• Microsoft
• Coca-Cola
• CNN

Share this post with others. See the Twitter, Facebook and other buttons below.
Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.

GlobalMedia: Intercultural Com: Cultural Values (W5-P4) Sp15

What are values?

"Social principles, goals, or standards accepted by persons in a culture. They are learned by contacts with the family, teachers, and religious leaders. The media also may influence one’s value system."

Or what are the things that a culture finds valuable, important.  
Money?   Family?

























What are your values?  Where did you get them?  Are there some values more important than others?  What is your most important value?  Interacted with somebody who has a different set of values?

Share this post with others. See the Twitter, Facebook and other buttons below.
Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.

GlobalMedia: Intercultural Com: A Model of Intercultural Com (W5-P3) Sp15

Read the diagram above.  The model of intercultural communication (ICC) begins with two people from different cultures interacting or communicating.  What is the rest of the process?  What are the parts of the process of intercultural communication?  In this model, the goal is effective intercultural communication, but what are some of the barriers that can cause problems?  Prejudice?  Stereotypes?  Discrimination?  Differences in language?  Others?



Share this post with others. See the Twitter, Facebook and other buttons below.
Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.

GlobalMedia: Fortner's Characteristics of International Communication (W2-P3) Sp15

According to Fortner, any international communication activity has the following characteristics. Think of an international communication activity (e.g., a U.S. film shown in China). Does it have these characteristics?

1. Intentionality
1. intentional - e.g., Voice of America (listen now)
2. unintentional - e.g., radio "spillover"
2. Channels
1. public - e.g., TV or radio broadcast
2. private - e.g., encrypted Internet message
3. Distributive Technologies
1. How is it distributed?  Radio/TV waves, cables/wires, film/cassettes, CDs, etc.
4. Content Form
1. entertainment
2. news
3. information/data
5. Cultural Consequences
1. Dominant countries impose cultural values on other countries?
2. e.g., MTV stations in Asia?  The results of MTV in Asia?
6. Political Nature
1. "All [INC] is political in one way or another" (Fortner).
2. Political = power/control

How does the following international communication news story fit into the above?
Twitter account associated with Iran's leader criticises France ((The Daily Star :: Lebanon News, 2013 )


Share this post with others. See the Twitter, Facebook and other buttons below.
Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.

GlobalMedia: What are International Communication and Global Communication? (W2-P2) Sp15

There are activities (things that happen in the world) and there are fields of academic study.

International and global communication can be seen as both an activity and a field of study.

International Communication: “simply defined, is communication that occurs across international borders, that is, over the borders of nation-states”(Fortner).

International Communication: “a field of inquiry and research that consists of the transfer of values, attitudes, opinions, and information through individuals, groups, governments, and technologies, as well as the study of the structure of institutions responsible for promoting or inhibiting such messages among and between nations and cultures”(Mowlana).

Global Communication: “the intersection of disciplines that studies the transborder communication of values, attitudes, opinions, information, and data by individuals, groups, people, institutions, governments, and information technologies, as well as the resulting controversial issues arising from the structure of institutions responsible for promoting or inhibiting such messages among and between nations and cultures”(Frederick). [Note: Frederick is a former student of Mowlana. I had the honor of being a student of both Mowlana and Frederick at American University's School of International Service.]

What difference do you see between "international communication" and "global communication"?  Are they the same thing?  What is Frederick adding to the discussion?


One thing that Frederick stresses is that "global communication" is "an intersection of disciplines" or put another way it is an interdiscipline.

Interdiscipline: "a field of scholars who identify with various disciplines but share a common interest in a theme that crosses traditional [academic] boundaries“ (Littlejohn).

Disciplines which study GC: international relations, political science, communication, sociology, anthropology, electronic communication, etc.

Another difference that Frederick stresses is: 

• International Communication: 
• communication between nation-states
• Global Communication: 
• includes nation-states, but also acknowledges the growing importance of the role of the “non-state actors”

Types and examples of “non-state actors”

• Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)
• private interest groups
• Grameen Bank 
• Greenpeace International
• (See Union of International Associations (UIA) - 44,000+ NGOs listed)
• Transnational Corporations (TNCs)
• Examples
• Microsoft
• Coca-Cola
• CNN

Mowlana acknowledges Frederick’s distinction and now uses “Global Communication” in later books.

Use the definition given above and determine if the following are examples of global communication.

• Transfer of funds from a bank in U.S. to a Swiss bank?
• CNN broadcasts around the world?
• An electronic journal produced in the U.S. read by a person in Argentina?
• Voice of America broadcasts in other countries?
• Television programming produced in New Zealand shown in Australia?
• Pres. Obama talking with German leader?

Share this post with others. See the Twitter, Facebook and other buttons below.
Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.

GlobalMedia: Intercultural Com: Hofstede’s Dimensions of Value Orientation (U4-P5) Sp14

Geert Hofstede during the 1980s surveyed over 100,000 workers in multinational corporations in forty countries.

He found 4 main dimensions along which countries/cultures differ. Each country was ranked according to his dimensions.

• 1. Individualism - Collectivism
• I versus We
• e.g., “Squeaking wheel gets the greasy.”
• e.g., “The nail that sticks up gets pounded down.”
• Indiv. (e.g., U.S. & Australia) <--------> Coll (e.g., Taiwan & Peru)
• 2. Uncertainty Avoidance
• The extent to which a culture feels threatened by the unknown.
• Hi-U.A. cultures try to avoid uncertainty.
• Hi UA (e.g., Greece & Japan) <---> Low UA (e.g. U.S. & Denmark )

• 3. Power Distance
• The extent to which a culture accepts inequality.
• Hi-P.D. cultures accept inequality in relationships.
• Hi PD (e.g. Philippines & India) <----> Low PD (e.g. Sweden & N.Z.)
• 4. Masculinity and Femininity
• Masculinity = assertiveness, ambition, possessions...
• Femininity = caring and nurturing...
• M (e.g., Japan & Italy) <-----------> F (e.g., Norway & Denmark)

Share this post with others. See the Twitter, Facebook and other buttons below.
Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.

GlobalMedia: Intercultural Com: Cultural Values (U4-P4) Sp14

What are values?

"Social principles, goals, or standards accepted by persons in a culture. They are learned by contacts with the family, teachers, and religious leaders. The media also may influence one’s value system."

Or what are the things that a culture finds valuable, important.

Money?   Family?

What are your values?  Where did you get them?  Are there some values more important than others?  What is your most important value?  Interacted with somebody who has a different set of values?

Share this post with others. See the Twitter, Facebook and other buttons below.
Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.

GlobalMedia: Intercultural Com: A Model of Intercultural Com (U4-P3) Sp14

What is the process?  What are the parts of the process of intercultural communication?
In this model, the goal is effective intercultural communication, but what are some of the barriers that can cause problems?  Prejudice?  Stereotypes?  Discrimination?  Differences in language?  Others?

Share this post with others. See the Twitter, Facebook and other buttons below.
Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.

GlobalMedia: Intercultural Com: Definitions and Metaphors for Culture (U4-P2) Sp14

What is culture?

There are hundreds of definitions of culture in the literature.
Let's use this one:

Culture is a set of shared knowledge that influences a particular group of people’s behavior (Hart).


Metaphors of Culture

• Hofstede's Computer Metaphor:
• Culture is the software of the mind.
• We are programmed by our experiences.
• Hofstede's Game Metaphor:
• Culture is "the unwritten rules of the social game."
• The Iceberg Metaphor of Culture
• "Above the waterline—what we can see; behaviors that are visible.
• Below the waterline—what we cannot see; behaviors that are not visible or that do not make sense."

Created by Uwe Kils 

Share this post with others. See the Twitter, Facebook and other buttons below.
Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.

GlobalMedia: Fortner's Characteristics of International Communication (U1-P3) Sp14

1. Intentionality
1. intentional - e.g., Voice of America (listen now)
2. unintentional - e.g., radio "spillover"
2. Channels
1. public - e.g., TV or radio broadcast
2. private - e.g., encrypted Internet message
3. Distributive Technologies
1. radio/TV waves, cables/wires, film/cassettes, CDs, etc.
4. Content Form
1. entertainment
2. news
3. information/data
5. Cultural Consequences
1. Dominant countries impose cultural values on other countries?
2. MTV stations in Asia?
6. Political Nature
1. "All [INC] is political in one way or another" (Fortner).
2. Political = power/control

How does the following international communication news story fit into the above?
Twitter account associated with Iran's leader criticises France ((The Daily Star :: Lebanon News )



Share this post with others. See the Twitter, Facebook and other buttons below.
Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.

GlobalMedia: What are International Communication and Global Communication? (U1-P2) Sp14

They are activities (things that happen in the world) and there are fields of academic study.

International Communication: “simply defined, is communication that occurs across international borders, that is, over the borders of nation-states”(Fortner).

International Communication: “a field of inquiry and research that consists of the transfer of values, attitudes, opinions, and information through individuals, groups, governments, and technologies, as well as the study of the structure of institutions responsible for promoting or inhibiting such messages among and between nations and cultures”(Mowlana).


Global Communication: “the intersection of disciplines that studies the transborder communication of values, attitudes, opinions, information, and data by individuals, groups, people, institutions, governments, and information technologies, as well as the resulting controversial issues arising from the structure of institutions responsible for promoting or inhibiting such messages among and between nations and cultures”(Frederick). [Note: Frederick is a former student of Mowlana. I had the honor of being a student of both Mowlana and Frederick at American University's School of International Service.]

What difference do you see between "international communication" and "global communication"?  Are they the same thing?  What is Frederick adding to the discussion?


One thing that Frederick stresses is that "global communication" is "an intersection of disciplines" or put another way it is an interdiscipline.

Interdiscipline: "a field of scholars who identify with various disciplines but share a common interest in a theme that crosses traditional [academic] boundaries“ (Littlejohn).

Disciplines which study GC: international relations, political science, communication, sociology, anthropology, electronic communication, etc.

Another difference that Frederick stresses is: 

• International Communication: 
• communication between nation-states
• Global Communication: 
• includes nation-states, but also acknowledges the growing importance of the role of the “non-state actors”

Types and examples of “non-state actors”

• Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)
• private interest groups
• Grameen Bank 
• Greenpeace International
• (See Union of International Associations (UIA) - 44,000+ NGOs listed)
• Transnational Corporations (TNCs)
• Examples
• Microsoft
• Coca-Cola
• CNN

Mowlana acknowledges Frederick’s distinction and now uses “Global Communication” in later books.

Use the definition given above and determine if the following are examples of global communication.

• Transfer of funds from a bank in U.S. to a Swiss bank?
• CNN broadcasts around the world?
• An electronic journal produced in the U.S. read by a person in Argentina?
• Voice of America broadcasts in other countries?
• Television programming produced in New Zealand shown in Australia?
• Pres. Obama talking with German leader?

Share this post with others. See the Twitter, Facebook and other buttons below.
Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.

GlobalMedia: Intercultural Com: Hofstede’s Dimensions of Value Orientation (U4-P5) Sp13

Geert Hofstede during the 1980s surveyed over 100,000 workers in multinational corporations in forty countries.

He found 4 main dimensions along which countries/cultures differ. Each country was ranked according to his dimensions.

• 1. Individualism - Collectivism
• I versus We
• e.g., “Squeaking wheel gets the greasy.”
• e.g., “The nail that sticks up gets pounded down.”
• Indiv. (e.g., U.S. & Australia) <--------> Coll (e.g., Taiwan & Peru)
• 2. Uncertainty Avoidance
• The extent to which a culture feels threatened by the unknown.
• Hi-U.A. cultures try to avoid uncertainty.
• Hi UA (e.g., Greece & Japan) <---> Low UA (e.g. U.S. & Denmark )

• 3. Power Distance
• The extent to which a culture accepts inequality.
• Hi-P.D. cultures accept inequality in relationships.
• Hi PD (e.g. Philippines & India) <----> Low PD (e.g. Sweden & N.Z.)
• 4. Masculinity and Femininity
• Masculinity = assertiveness, ambition, possessions...
• Femininity = caring and nurturing...
• M (e.g., Japan & Italy) <-----------> F (e.g., Norway & Denmark)

Share this post with others. See the Twitter, Facebook and other buttons below.
Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.