GlobalMedia: National Sovereignty and Transborder Data Flow (W3-P3) Sp17

So, what are the issues with regard to international communication, TDF, and national sovereignty?

Sovereignty: “a country’s right to protect its borders from military aggression; to preserve its natural wealth and resources; and to choose its political, social, economic, and cultural systems without interference by another state”(Frederick, p.121).

TDF (transborder data flow): the flow of banking, insurance, credit and other similar information across national boundaries via mainly computer networks (a.k.a. TBDF).

What's the relationship between TDF and national sovereignty?  Take the two ideas and mash them together and what do you get?

Do nations have the right to "peek" over national borders and gather information about other countries?
Does a corporation, e.g., Google, have the right?
What can be done with the information gathered?  Information is power!


Remote-sensing satellites can be used to gather information from the Earth’s surface.

Does one country have the right to gather information about another country via remote-sensing satellites?

A remote sensing satellite map of Nigeria by SEDACMaps


If interested, a Google Map of Google Maps’ Legal Troubles

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Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.

GlobalMedia: New World Information & Communication Order (NWICO) (W3-P2) Sp17

America's Problem with UNESCO Pt. 1

The Daily Show
Get More: Daily Show Full Episodes,The Daily Show on Facebook,Daily Show Video Archive

America's Problem with UNESCO Pt. 1 (2012)


Now some background, some context, some history.

“New World Information and Communication Order” (NWICO) [a.k.a. NWIO].

• By the early 1970s many nations see the strong need to alleviate/lessen the problems related to international communication (see issues/controversies covered previously). They call for NWICO. They seek a new world policy.
• Controversy about controversies. Debates about the debates.
• Problem dealt with mainly within UNESCO.
• "UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) – contributes to peace and security in the world by promoting collaboration among nations through education, science, culture and communication in order to further universal respect for justice, for the rule of law and for the human rights and fundamental freedoms which are affirmed for the peoples of the world, without distinction of race, sex, language or religion, by the Charter of the United Nations."

‘76-‘78	The Mass Media Declaration calls for “free flow and a wider and more balanced flow of information.”  Declaration was passed, but will to implement was weak.
‘79-‘80	Begins to unravel. Western gov’t & media concerned.  Agreed that MacBride Commission to study world “communication problems.”
‘80-‘83	Western press lobby groups and U.S. press begin to play a stronger role.  Influencing U.S. gov’t.
12/84	U.S. (Reagan administration w/ influence from the Heritage Foundation) withdraws from UNESCO
‘85-	UNESCO’s stance of NWICO wavers.  NWICO dead?  We have a New Order but it is “the order of the advanced industrialized nations” (Mowlana).

Update:
2002: UNESCO welcomes back U.S.A.
2011: U.S. withholds funding to UNESCO [video]
2013: U.S., Israel lose voting rights at UNESCO over Palestine row
2015: The United States' Reelection to the UNESCO Executive Board


If you are interested, America's Problem with UNESCO Pt. 2 (Daily Show, 2012)

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Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.

GlobalMedia: Important Global Communication Issues (W3-P1) Sp17

List major global issues (“controversies”) relevant to an understanding of international communication.

• Communication, TDF (transborder data flow), and National Sovereignty^
• Increasing Concentration & Transnationalization - see video below
• Deregulation and Privatization
• The “News Values” Controversy (Biases in News) - see video below
• Media Imperialism (Anglo-American Dominance)^
• Communication Policies / Codes of Ethics for Media Practice
• Protection and Licensing of Journalists^
• The Status of Women in INC^
• “New World Information and Communication Order”^

Biases in International News Coverage



Increasing Concentration & Transnationalization





^ To be covered in more detail later.

(Originally based on Frederick, 1993; updated)

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Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.

GlobalMedia: Fortner's Characteristics of International Communication (W2-P3) Sp17

According to Fortner, any international communication activity has the following characteristics. Think of an international communication activity (e.g., a U.S. film shown in China). Does it have these characteristics?

1. Intentionality
1. intentional - e.g., Voice of America (listen now)
2. unintentional - e.g., radio "spillover"
2. Channels
1. public - e.g., TV or radio broadcast
2. private - e.g., encrypted Internet message
3. Distributive Technologies
1. How is it distributed?  Radio/TV waves, cables/wires, film/cassettes, CDs, Internet, etc.
4. Content Form
1. entertainment
2. news
3. information/data
5. Cultural Consequences
1. Dominant countries impose cultural values on other countries?
2. e.g., MTV stations in Asia?  The results of MTV in Asia?
6. Political Nature
1. "All [INC] is political in one way or another" (Fortner).
2. Political = power/control

How does the following international communication news story fit into the above?
Twitter account associated with Iran's leader criticises France (The Daily Star :: Lebanon News, 2013 )

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Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.

GlobalMedia: What are International Communication and Global Communication? (W2-P2) Sp17

There are activities (things that happen in the world) and there are fields of academic study.

International and global communication can be seen as both an activity and a field of study.

International Communication: “simply defined, is communication that occurs across international borders, that is, over the borders of nation-states”(Fortner).

International Communication: “a field of inquiry and research that consists of the transfer of values, attitudes, opinions, and information through individuals, groups, governments, and technologies, as well as the study of the structure of institutions responsible for promoting or inhibiting such messages among and between nations and cultures”(Mowlana).

Global Communication: “the intersection of disciplines that studies the transborder communication of values, attitudes, opinions, information, and data by individuals, groups, people, institutions, governments, and information technologies, as well as the resulting controversial issues arising from the structure of institutions responsible for promoting or inhibiting such messages among and between nations and cultures”(Frederick). [Note: Frederick is a former student of Mowlana. I had the honor of being a student of both Mowlana and Frederick at American University's School of International Service.]

What difference do you see between "international communication" and "global communication"?  Are they the same thing?  What is Frederick adding to the discussion?


One thing that Frederick stresses is that "global communication" is "an intersection of disciplines" or put another way it is an interdiscipline.

Interdiscipline: "a field of scholars who identify with various disciplines but share a common interest in a theme that crosses traditional [academic] boundaries“ (Littlejohn).

Disciplines which study GC: international relations, political science, communication, sociology, anthropology, electronic communication, etc.

Another difference that Frederick stresses is: 

• International Communication: 
• communication between nation-states
• Global Communication: 
• includes nation-states, but also acknowledges the growing importance of the role of the “non-state actors”

Types and examples of “non-state actors”

• Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)
• private interest groups
• Grameen Bank 
• Greenpeace International
• (See Union of International Associations (UIA) - 44,000+ NGOs listed)
• Transnational Corporations (TNCs)
• Examples
• Microsoft
• Coca-Cola
• CNN

Mowlana acknowledges Frederick’s distinction and now uses “Global Communication” in later books.

Use the definition given above and determine if the following are examples of global communication.

• Transfer of funds from a bank in U.S. to a Swiss bank?
• CNN broadcasts around the world?
• An electronic journal produced in the U.S. read by a person in Argentina?
• Voice of America broadcasts in other countries?
• Television programming produced in New Zealand shown in Australia?
• Pres. Obama talking with German leader?

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Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.

MassMedia: What is International Communication? (W15-P1) Fa16

There are activities (things that happen in the world) and there are fields of academic study.

International communication can be seen as both an activity and a field of study.

International Communication (as an activity): “simply defined, is communication that occurs across international borders, that is, over the borders of nation-states”(Fortner).

International Communication (as an area of study): “a field of inquiry and research that consists of the transfer of values, attitudes, opinions, and information through individuals, groups, governments, and technologies, as well as the study of the structure of institutions responsible for promoting or inhibiting such messages among and between nations and cultures”(Mowlana).

International communication can be seen as an interdiscipline.

Interdiscipline: "a field of scholars who identify with various disciplines but share a common interest in a theme that crosses traditional [academic] boundaries“ (Littlejohn).

Disciplines which study international communication: international relations, political science, communication, sociology, anthropology, electronic communication, etc.

Who is involved in international communication?   State actors and and non-state actors.

State actors are governments, i.e. states, nations.

Types and examples of “non-state actors”

• Transnational Corporations (TNCs)
• Examples
• Microsoft
• Coca-Cola
• CNN
• Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)
• private interest groups
• Grameen Bank 
• Greenpeace International
• (See Union of International Associations (UIA) - 44,000+ NGOs listed)

Share this post with others. See the Twitter, Facebook and other buttons below.
Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.

GlobalMedia: National Sovereignty and Transborder Data Flow (W3-P3) SP16

So, what are the issues with regard to of international communication, TDF, and national sovereignty.

Sovereignty: “a country’s right to protect its borders from military aggression; to preserve its natural wealth and resources; and to choose its political, social, economic, and cultural systems without interference by another state”(Frederick, p.121).

TDF (transborder data flow): the flow of banking, insurance, credit and other similar information across national boundaries via mainly computer networks (a.k.a. TBDF).

What's the relationship between TDF and national sovereignty?  Take the two ideas and mash them together and what do you get?

Do nations have the right to "peek" over national borders and gather information about other countries?
Does a corporation, e.g., Google, have the right?
What can be done with the information gathered?  Information is power!


Remote-sensing satellites can be used to gather information from the Earth’s surface.

Does one country have the right to gather information about another country via remote-sensing satellites?

A remote sensing satellite map of Nigeria by SEDACMaps


If interested, a Google Map of Google Maps’ Legal Troubles

Share this post with others. See the Twitter, Facebook and other buttons below.
Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.

GlobalMedia: New World Information & Communication Order (NWICO) (W3-P2) SP16

America's Problem with UNESCO Pt. 1

The Daily Show
Get More: Daily Show Full Episodes,The Daily Show on Facebook,Daily Show Video Archive

America's Problem with UNESCO Pt. 1 (2012)


Now some background, some context, some history.

“New World Information and Communication Order” (NWICO) [a.k.a. NWIO].

• By the early 1970s many nations see the strong need to alleviate/lessen the problems related to international communication (see issues/controversies covered previously). They call for NWICO. They seek a new world policy.
• Controversy about controversies. Debates about the debates.
• Problem dealt with mainly within UNESCO.
• "UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) – contributes to peace and security in the world by promoting collaboration among nations through education, science, culture and communication in order to further universal respect for justice, for the rule of law and for the human rights and fundamental freedoms which are affirmed for the peoples of the world, without distinction of race, sex, language or religion, by the Charter of the United Nations."

‘76-‘78	The Mass Media Declaration calls for “free flow and a wider and more balanced flow of information.”  Declaration was passed, but will to implement was weak.
‘79-‘80	Begins to unravel. Western gov’t & media concerned.  Agreed that MacBride Commission to study world “communication problems.”
‘80-‘83	Western press lobby groups and U.S. press begin to play a stronger role.  Influencing U.S. gov’t.
12/84	U.S. (Reagan administration w/ influence from the Heritage Foundation) withdraws from UNESCO
‘85-	UNESCO’s stance of NWICO wavers.  NWICO dead?  We have a New Order but it is “the order of the advanced industrialized nations” (Mowlana).

Update:
2002: UNESCO welcomes back U.S.A.
2011: U.S. withholds funding to UNESCO [video]
2013: U.S., Israel lose voting rights at UNESCO over Palestine row
2015: The United States' Reelection to the UNESCO Executive Board


If you are interested, America's Problem with UNESCO Pt. 2 (Daily Show, 2012)

Share this post with others. See the Twitter, Facebook and other buttons below.
Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.

GlobalMedia: Important Global Communication Issues (W3-P1) SP16

List major global issues (“controversies”) relevant to an understanding of international communication.

• Communication, TDF (transborder data flow), and National Sovereignty^
• Increasing Concentration & Transnationalization - see video below
• Deregulation and Privatization
• The “News Values” Controversy (Biases in News) - see video below
• Media Imperialism (Anglo-American Dominance)^
• Communication Policies / Codes of Ethics for Media Practice
• Protection and Licensing of Journalists^
• The Status of Women in INC^
• “New World Information and Communication Order”^

Biases in International News Coverage



Increasing Concentration & Transnationalization





^ To be covered in more detail later.

(Originally based on Frederick, 1993; updated)

Share this post with others. See the Twitter, Facebook and other buttons below.
Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.

GlobalMedia: Fortner's Characteristics of International Communication (W2-P3) Sp16

According to Fortner, any international communication activity has the following characteristics. Think of an international communication activity (e.g., a U.S. film shown in China). Does it have these characteristics?

1. Intentionality
1. intentional - e.g., Voice of America (listen now)
2. unintentional - e.g., radio "spillover"
2. Channels
1. public - e.g., TV or radio broadcast
2. private - e.g., encrypted Internet message
3. Distributive Technologies
1. How is it distributed?  Radio/TV waves, cables/wires, film/cassettes, CDs, Internet, etc.
4. Content Form
1. entertainment
2. news
3. information/data
5. Cultural Consequences
1. Dominant countries impose cultural values on other countries?
2. e.g., MTV stations in Asia?  The results of MTV in Asia?
6. Political Nature
1. "All [INC] is political in one way or another" (Fortner).
2. Political = power/control

How does the following international communication news story fit into the above?
Twitter account associated with Iran's leader criticises France (The Daily Star :: Lebanon News, 2013 )


Share this post with others. See the Twitter, Facebook and other buttons below.
Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.

GlobalMedia: What are International Communication and Global Communication? (W2-P2) Sp16

There are activities (things that happen in the world) and there are fields of academic study.

International and global communication can be seen as both an activity and a field of study.

International Communication: “simply defined, is communication that occurs across international borders, that is, over the borders of nation-states”(Fortner).

International Communication: “a field of inquiry and research that consists of the transfer of values, attitudes, opinions, and information through individuals, groups, governments, and technologies, as well as the study of the structure of institutions responsible for promoting or inhibiting such messages among and between nations and cultures”(Mowlana).

Global Communication: “the intersection of disciplines that studies the transborder communication of values, attitudes, opinions, information, and data by individuals, groups, people, institutions, governments, and information technologies, as well as the resulting controversial issues arising from the structure of institutions responsible for promoting or inhibiting such messages among and between nations and cultures”(Frederick). [Note: Frederick is a former student of Mowlana. I had the honor of being a student of both Mowlana and Frederick at American University's School of International Service.]

What difference do you see between "international communication" and "global communication"?  Are they the same thing?  What is Frederick adding to the discussion?


One thing that Frederick stresses is that "global communication" is "an intersection of disciplines" or put another way it is an interdiscipline.

Interdiscipline: "a field of scholars who identify with various disciplines but share a common interest in a theme that crosses traditional [academic] boundaries“ (Littlejohn).

Disciplines which study GC: international relations, political science, communication, sociology, anthropology, electronic communication, etc.

Another difference that Frederick stresses is: 

• International Communication: 
• communication between nation-states
• Global Communication: 
• includes nation-states, but also acknowledges the growing importance of the role of the “non-state actors”

Types and examples of “non-state actors”

• Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)
• private interest groups
• Grameen Bank 
• Greenpeace International
• (See Union of International Associations (UIA) - 44,000+ NGOs listed)
• Transnational Corporations (TNCs)
• Examples
• Microsoft
• Coca-Cola
• CNN

Mowlana acknowledges Frederick’s distinction and now uses “Global Communication” in later books.

Use the definition given above and determine if the following are examples of global communication.

• Transfer of funds from a bank in U.S. to a Swiss bank?
• CNN broadcasts around the world?
• An electronic journal produced in the U.S. read by a person in Argentina?
• Voice of America broadcasts in other countries?
• Television programming produced in New Zealand shown in Australia?
• Pres. Obama talking with German leader?

Share this post with others. See the Twitter, Facebook and other buttons below.
Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.

MassMedia: What are International Communication and Global Communication? (W15-P1) Fa15

There are activities (things that happen in the world) and there are fields of academic study.

International and global communication can be seen as both an activity and a field of study.

International Communication: “simply defined, is communication that occurs across international borders, that is, over the borders of nation-states”(Fortner).

International Communication: “a field of inquiry and research that consists of the transfer of values, attitudes, opinions, and information through individuals, groups, governments, and technologies, as well as the study of the structure of institutions responsible for promoting or inhibiting such messages among and between nations and cultures”(Mowlana).

Global Communication: “the intersection of disciplines that studies the transborder communication of values, attitudes, opinions, information, and data by individuals, groups, people, institutions, governments, and information technologies, as well as the resulting controversial issues arising from the structure of institutions responsible for promoting or inhibiting such messages among and between nations and cultures”(Frederick). [Note: Frederick is a former student of Mowlana. I had the honor of being a student of both Mowlana and Frederick at American University's School of International Service.]

What difference do you see between "international communication" and "global communication"?  Are they the same thing?  What is Frederick adding to the discussion?


One thing that Frederick stresses is that "global communication" is "an intersection of disciplines" or put another way it is an interdiscipline.

Interdiscipline: "a field of scholars who identify with various disciplines but share a common interest in a theme that crosses traditional [academic] boundaries“ (Littlejohn).

Disciplines which study GC: international relations, political science, communication, sociology, anthropology, electronic communication, etc.

Another difference that Frederick stresses is: 

• International Communication: 
• communication between nation-states
• Global Communication: 
• includes nation-states, but also acknowledges the growing importance of the role of the “non-state actors”

Types and examples of “non-state actors”

• Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)
• private interest groups
• Grameen Bank 
• Greenpeace International
• (See Union of International Associations (UIA) - 44,000+ NGOs listed)
• Transnational Corporations (TNCs)
• Examples
• Microsoft
• Coca-Cola
• CNN

Share this post with others. See the Twitter, Facebook and other buttons below.
Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.

GlobalMedia: National Sovereignty and Transborder Data Flow (W3-P3) SP15

Explain the issue of international communication, TDF, and national sovereignty.

Sovereignty: “a country’s right to protect its borders from military aggression; to preserve its natural wealth and resources; and to choose its political, social, economic, and cultural systems without interference by another state”(Frederick, p.121).

TDF (transborder data flow): the flow of banking, insurance, credit and other similar information across national boundaries via mainly computer networks (a.k.a. TBDF).

What's the relationship between TDF and national sovereignty?  Take the two ideas and mash them together and what do you get?

Do nations have the right to "peek" over national borders and gather information about other countries?
Does a corporation, e.g., Google, have the right?
What can be done with the information gathered?  Information is power!


Remote-sensing satellites can be used to gather information from the Earth’s surface.

Does one country have the right to gather information about another country via remote-sensing satellites?

A remote sensing satellite map of Nigeria by SEDACMaps


If interested, a Google Map of Google Maps’ Legal Troubles

Share this post with others. See the Twitter, Facebook and other buttons below.
Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.

GlobalMedia: New World Information & Communication Order (NWICO) (W3-P2) SP15

America's Problem with UNESCO Pt. 1

The Daily Show
Get More: Daily Show Full Episodes,The Daily Show on Facebook,Daily Show Video Archive

America's Problem with UNESCO Pt. 1


Now some background, some context, some history.

“New World Information and Communication Order” (NWICO) [a.k.a. NWIO].

• By the early 1970s many nations see the strong need to alleviate/lessen the problems related to international communication (see issues/controversies covered previously). They call for NWICO. They seek a new world policy.
• Controversy about controversies. Debates about the debates.
• Problem dealt with mainly within UNESCO.
• "UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) – contributes to peace and security in the world by promoting collaboration among nations through education, science, culture and communication in order to further universal respect for justice, for the rule of law and for the human rights and fundamental freedoms which are affirmed for the peoples of the world, without distinction of race, sex, language or religion, by the Charter of the United Nations."

‘76-‘78	The Mass Media Declaration calls for “free flow and a wider and more balanced flow of information.”  Declaration was passed, but will to implement was weak.
‘79-‘80	Begins to unravel. Western gov’t & media concerned.  Agreed that MacBride Commission to study world “communication problems.”
‘80-‘83	Western press lobby groups and U.S. press begin to play a stronger role.  Influencing U.S. gov’t.
12/84	U.S. (Reagan administration w/ influence from the Heritage Foundation) withdraws from UNESCO
‘85-	UNESCO’s stance of NWICO wavers.  NWICO dead?  We have a New Order but it is “the order of the advanced industrialized nations” (Mowlana).

Update:
2002: UNESCO welcomes back U.S.A.
2011: U.S. withholds funding to UNESCO [video]
2013, Nov.: U.S., Israel lose voting rights at UNESCO over Palestine row


If you are interested, America's Problem with UNESCO Pt. 2 (Daily Show, 2012)


Share this post with others. See the Twitter, Facebook and other buttons below.
Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.

GlobalMedia: Important Global Communication Issues (W3-P1) SP15

List major global issues (“controversies”) relevant to an understanding of international communication.

• Communication, TDF (transborder data flow), and National Sovereignty^
• Increasing Concentration & Transnationalization
• Deregulation and Privatization
• The “News Values” Controversy (Biases in News)
• Media Imperialism (Anglo-American Dominance)^
• Communication Policies
• Protection and Licensing of Journalists^
• Codes of Ethics for Media Practice
• The Status of Women in INC^
• “New World Information and Communication Order”^

^ To be covered in more detail later.

(Originally based on Frederick, 1993; updated)

Share this post with others. See the Twitter, Facebook and other buttons below.
Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.

GlobalMedia: Fortner's Characteristics of International Communication (W2-P3) Sp15

According to Fortner, any international communication activity has the following characteristics. Think of an international communication activity (e.g., a U.S. film shown in China). Does it have these characteristics?

1. Intentionality
1. intentional - e.g., Voice of America (listen now)
2. unintentional - e.g., radio "spillover"
2. Channels
1. public - e.g., TV or radio broadcast
2. private - e.g., encrypted Internet message
3. Distributive Technologies
1. How is it distributed?  Radio/TV waves, cables/wires, film/cassettes, CDs, etc.
4. Content Form
1. entertainment
2. news
3. information/data
5. Cultural Consequences
1. Dominant countries impose cultural values on other countries?
2. e.g., MTV stations in Asia?  The results of MTV in Asia?
6. Political Nature
1. "All [INC] is political in one way or another" (Fortner).
2. Political = power/control

How does the following international communication news story fit into the above?
Twitter account associated with Iran's leader criticises France ((The Daily Star :: Lebanon News, 2013 )


Share this post with others. See the Twitter, Facebook and other buttons below.
Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.

GlobalMedia: What are International Communication and Global Communication? (W2-P2) Sp15

There are activities (things that happen in the world) and there are fields of academic study.

International and global communication can be seen as both an activity and a field of study.

International Communication: “simply defined, is communication that occurs across international borders, that is, over the borders of nation-states”(Fortner).

International Communication: “a field of inquiry and research that consists of the transfer of values, attitudes, opinions, and information through individuals, groups, governments, and technologies, as well as the study of the structure of institutions responsible for promoting or inhibiting such messages among and between nations and cultures”(Mowlana).

Global Communication: “the intersection of disciplines that studies the transborder communication of values, attitudes, opinions, information, and data by individuals, groups, people, institutions, governments, and information technologies, as well as the resulting controversial issues arising from the structure of institutions responsible for promoting or inhibiting such messages among and between nations and cultures”(Frederick). [Note: Frederick is a former student of Mowlana. I had the honor of being a student of both Mowlana and Frederick at American University's School of International Service.]

What difference do you see between "international communication" and "global communication"?  Are they the same thing?  What is Frederick adding to the discussion?


One thing that Frederick stresses is that "global communication" is "an intersection of disciplines" or put another way it is an interdiscipline.

Interdiscipline: "a field of scholars who identify with various disciplines but share a common interest in a theme that crosses traditional [academic] boundaries“ (Littlejohn).

Disciplines which study GC: international relations, political science, communication, sociology, anthropology, electronic communication, etc.

Another difference that Frederick stresses is: 

• International Communication: 
• communication between nation-states
• Global Communication: 
• includes nation-states, but also acknowledges the growing importance of the role of the “non-state actors”

Types and examples of “non-state actors”

• Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)
• private interest groups
• Grameen Bank 
• Greenpeace International
• (See Union of International Associations (UIA) - 44,000+ NGOs listed)
• Transnational Corporations (TNCs)
• Examples
• Microsoft
• Coca-Cola
• CNN

Mowlana acknowledges Frederick’s distinction and now uses “Global Communication” in later books.

Use the definition given above and determine if the following are examples of global communication.

• Transfer of funds from a bank in U.S. to a Swiss bank?
• CNN broadcasts around the world?
• An electronic journal produced in the U.S. read by a person in Argentina?
• Voice of America broadcasts in other countries?
• Television programming produced in New Zealand shown in Australia?
• Pres. Obama talking with German leader?

Share this post with others. See the Twitter, Facebook and other buttons below.
Please follow, add, friend or subscribe to help support this blog.
See more about me at my web site WilliamHartPhD.com.

GlobalMedia: National Sovereignty and Transborder Data Flow (U2-P3) SP14

Explain the issue of international communication, TDF, and national sovereignty.

Sovereignty: “a country’s right to protect its borders from military aggression; to preserve its natural wealth and resources; and to choose its political, social, economic, and cultural systems without interference by another state”(Frederick, p.121).

TDF (transborder data flow): the flow of banking, insurance, credit and other similar information across national boundaries via mainly computer networks (a.k.a. TBDF).

Some countries “farm” their data management tasks out to other countries (mainly to U.S.). Issues?

Information is power!!

Photo by Paul Keller

Other examples:
Direct Broadcast Satellites (DBS).... spillover
Remote-sensing satellites used to gather information from the Earth’s surface.

Does one country have the right to gather information about another country via remote-sensing satellites?

A Google Map of Google Maps’ Legal Troubles

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GlobalMedia: New World Information & Communication Order (NWICO) (U2-P2) SP14

“New World Information and Communication Order” (NWICO) [a.k.a. NWIO].

• By the early 1970s many nations see the strong need to alleviate/lessen the problems related to international communication (see issues/controversies covered previously). They call for NWICO. They seek a new world policy.
• Controversy about controversies.
• Problem dealt with mainly within UNESCO.
• "UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) – contributes to peace and security in the world by promoting collaboration among nations through education, science, culture and communication in order to further universal respect for justice, for the rule of law and for the human rights and fundamental freedoms which are affirmed for the peoples of the world, without distinction of race, sex, language or religion, by the Charter of the United Nations."

‘76-‘78	The Mass Media Declaration calls for “free flow and a wider and more balanced flow of information.”  Declaration was passed, but will to implement was weak.
‘79-‘80	Begins to unravel. Western gov’t & media concerned.  Agreed that MacBride Commission to study world “communication problems.”
‘80-‘83	Western press lobby groups and U.S. press begin to play a stronger role.  Influencing U.S. gov’t.
12/84	U.S. (Reagan administration w/ influence from the Heritage Foundation) withdraws from UNESCO
‘85-	UNESCO’s stance of NWICO wavers.  NWICO dead?  We have a New Order but it is “the order of the advanced industrialized nations” (Mowlana).

2002: UNESCO welcomes back U.S.A.
2011: U.S. withholds funding to UNESCO [video]
2013, Nov.: U.S., Israel lose voting rights at UNESCO over Palestine row


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GlobalMedia: Important Global Communication Issues (U2-P1) SP14

List major global issues (“controversies”) relevant to an understanding of international communication.

• Communication, TDF (transborder data flow), and National Sovereignty^
• Increasing Concentration & Transnationalization
• Deregulation and Privatization
• The “Flow” Controversy
• The “News Values” Controversy (Biases in News)
• Media Imperialism (Anglo-American Dominance)^
• Communication Policies
• Protection and Licensing of Journalists^
• Codes of Ethics for Media Practice
• The Status of Women in INC^
• “New World Information and Communication Order”^

^ To be covered in more detail later.
(Originally based on Frederick, 1993; updated)

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